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Pipe Parity Analysis of Seawater Desalination in the United States: Exploring Costs, Energy, and Reliability via Case Studies and Scenarios of Emerging Technology
ACS ES&T Engineering ( IF 7.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-08 , DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00270 Hunter Quon 1 , Joshua Sperling 2 , Katie Coughline 3 , David Greene 2 , Ariel Miara 2 , Sertac Akar 2 , Michael Talmadge 2 , Jennifer R. Stokes-Draut 3 , Jordan Macknick 2 , Sunny Jiang 1
ACS ES&T Engineering ( IF 7.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-08 , DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00270 Hunter Quon 1 , Joshua Sperling 2 , Katie Coughline 3 , David Greene 2 , Ariel Miara 2 , Sertac Akar 2 , Michael Talmadge 2 , Jennifer R. Stokes-Draut 3 , Jordan Macknick 2 , Sunny Jiang 1
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As climate change-induced variables exacerbate water scarcities, the use of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane desalination technology for treating seawater could potentially provide a long-term drought-proof source of drinking water. This study carried out a technoeconomic assessment (TEA) for three SWRO desalination plants in the U.S. and one in Israel to set baselines for the cost and energy consumption for seawater desalination. In addition, a breakeven curve for implementing SWRO desalination was estimated in relation to the cost of water conservation measures to meet drought-induced reduction of the traditional water supply. The results show that the cost of SWRO water production scales with the plant capacity while energy intensity is not dramatically different across the plants. The higher cost in some U.S. plants is due to high capital investment, including land acquisition and permitting. Variations in plant capacity utilization have the greatest impact on the levelized cost of water (LCOW) over the plant service life, suggesting the importance of reducing fouling and maintenance-related downtime. Scenario analysis of fixed labor cost reduction through process automation indicates investments in automation and sensing technology could result in long-term savings. Breakeven analysis shows the decision to adopt SWRO is highly dependent on the local cost associated with water conservation to meet water supply reduction. Moreover, a small reduction in SWRO cost can influence a shift toward the adoption of SWRO over water conservation measures. Incorporation of future water demand, water conservation potential, and water stress data around the nation indicates SWRO desalination could be an important contributor to the future municipal drinking water portfolio in the U.S.
中文翻译：
美国海水淡化的管道平价分析：通过新兴技术的案例研究和情景探索成本、能源和可靠性
由于气候变化引起的变量加剧了水资源短缺，使用海水反渗透 (SWRO) 膜淡化技术处理海水可能会提供长期抗旱的饮用水源。这项研究对美国的三个 SWRO 海水淡化厂和以色列的一个海水淡化厂进行了技术经济评估 (TEA)，以确定海水淡化的成本和能源消耗基准。此外，估计了实施 SWRO 海水淡化的盈亏平衡曲线，与为应对干旱导致的传统供水减少而采取的节水措施的成本有关。结果表明，SWRO 水生产成本与工厂产能成正比，而能源强度在工厂之间没有显着差异。美国部分地区成本较高 工厂是由于高资本投资，包括土地收购和许可。工厂产能利用率的变化对工厂使用寿命内的平准化水成本 (LCOW) 影响最大，这表明减少结垢和维护相关停机时间的重要性。通过过程自动化降低固定劳动力成本的情景分析表明，对自动化和传感技术的投资可以带来长期的节约。盈亏平衡分析表明，采用 SWRO 的决定在很大程度上取决于当地与节水相关的成本，以满足减少供水的需求。此外，SWRO 成本的小幅降低可能会影响采用 SWRO 而非节水措施的转变。结合未来的用水需求、节水潜力、
更新日期：2021-12-08
中文翻译：
美国海水淡化的管道平价分析：通过新兴技术的案例研究和情景探索成本、能源和可靠性
由于气候变化引起的变量加剧了水资源短缺，使用海水反渗透 (SWRO) 膜淡化技术处理海水可能会提供长期抗旱的饮用水源。这项研究对美国的三个 SWRO 海水淡化厂和以色列的一个海水淡化厂进行了技术经济评估 (TEA)，以确定海水淡化的成本和能源消耗基准。此外，估计了实施 SWRO 海水淡化的盈亏平衡曲线，与为应对干旱导致的传统供水减少而采取的节水措施的成本有关。结果表明，SWRO 水生产成本与工厂产能成正比，而能源强度在工厂之间没有显着差异。美国部分地区成本较高 工厂是由于高资本投资，包括土地收购和许可。工厂产能利用率的变化对工厂使用寿命内的平准化水成本 (LCOW) 影响最大，这表明减少结垢和维护相关停机时间的重要性。通过过程自动化降低固定劳动力成本的情景分析表明，对自动化和传感技术的投资可以带来长期的节约。盈亏平衡分析表明，采用 SWRO 的决定在很大程度上取决于当地与节水相关的成本，以满足减少供水的需求。此外，SWRO 成本的小幅降低可能会影响采用 SWRO 而非节水措施的转变。结合未来的用水需求、节水潜力、
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