Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103330 Wenjia Yu 1 , Yaojie Yue 1 , Fangxiong Wang 2
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CONTEXT
Knowing the spatial-temporal relationship of historical grain yield and fertilization in various regions provides a solid base for promoting rational fertilization strategies. However, the interaction pattern between grain yield and fertilization over large areas and long time periods from the spatial-temporal coupling perspective has been rarely explored.
OBJECTIVE
This study focused on the spatial-temporal coupling pattern of grain yield and fertilization in the North China Plain to propose reasonable fertilization strategies referring to practical experience and to increase grain yield while preserving the agricultural system.
METHODS
Using the North China Plain as an example, we applied a method integrating global spatial autocorrelation, geographically weighted regression, and geodetector to reveal the spatial-temporal coupling relationship between grain yield and fertilization based on data from 1990 to 2015.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Grain yield consistently increased but differed significantly among prefecture-level cities. Of cities with a rice, wheat, and corn yield, 49.09%, 45.46% and 47.27%, respectively, were below the average in the North China Plain. The application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers first increased and then decreased, especially N fertilizer. The N:P2O5:K2O ratio developed from 1:0.31:0.08 to 1:0.38:0.22. The cities' application rates of N, P, and K fertilizer were 49.09%, 54.55%, and 63.64% lower than the average in the North China Plain, respectively. The effects of N, P, and K fertilizers on rice, wheat, and corn yields differed significantly among cities and along with time changing. The combined application of N fertilizer with P or K fertilizer was better than that of a single fertilizer, depending on the crop. The uneven regional grain yield and fertilization in the North China Plain indicated that a significant increase in grain production can be achieved by promoting grain yield in low-yielding areas through regionally balanced fertilization. For this purpose, an enhanced formulated fertilization strategy based on on-site and time-specific soil testing should be applied, considering the crop variety, climate, and irrigation.
SIGNIFICANCE
This paper highlights the significance of formulating reasonable fertilization strategies through understanding spatial-temporal patterns between fertilization and grain yield. Our findings emphasize the importance of rationally balanced fertilization based on on-site and time-specific soil testing; such a strategy could be beneficial for securing food safety while maintaining the sustainability of the agriculture system.
中文翻译：
华北平原粮食产量与施肥的时空耦合格局
语境
了解各地区历史粮食产量与施肥量的时空关系，为推进合理施肥策略提供了坚实的基础。然而，很少从时空耦合的角度探讨粮食产量与大面积、长时期施肥的相互作用模式。
客观的
本研究针对华北平原粮食产量与施肥的时空耦合格局，结合实践经验提出合理的施肥策略，在保持农业体制的同时提高粮食产量。
方法
以华北平原为例，我们基于1990-2015年的数据，采用全球空间自相关、地理加权回归和地理探测器相结合的方法，揭示了粮食产量与施肥的时空耦合关系。
结果和结论
粮食产量持续增加，但地级市之间差异显着。在水稻、小麦和玉米产量的城市中，分别有49.09%、45.46%和47.27%低于华北平原的平均水平。氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）肥的施用量先增加后减少，尤其是氮肥施用量。N:P 2 O 5 :K 2O 比从 1:0.31:0.08 发展到 1:0.38:0.22。各城市氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别比华北平原平均水平低49.09%、54.55%和63.64%。N、P、K 肥料对水稻、小麦和玉米产量的影响因城市而异，且随时间的变化而变化。氮肥与磷、钾肥配施优于单施，视作物而定。华北平原地区粮食产量和施肥不均表明，通过区域均衡施肥提高低产区粮食产量，可以实现粮食产量的显着提高。为此，应采用基于现场和特定时间土壤测试的强化配方施肥策略，
意义
本文通过了解施肥与粮食产量之间的时空格局，突出了制定合理施肥策略的重要性。我们的研究结果强调了基于现场和特定时间土壤测试的合理平衡施肥的重要性；这种战略有利于确保食品安全，同时保持农业系统的可持续性。
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