As an emerging type of adult stem cell featuring non-invasive acquisition, urine-derived stem cells (USCs) have shown great potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. With a growing amount of research on the topic, the effectiveness of USCs in various disease models has been shown and the underlying mechanisms have also been explored, though many aspects still remain unclear. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview of the biological characteristics of USCs and their applications in skin, bone and articular cartilage repair. In addition to the identification procedure of USCs, we also summarize current knowledge of the underlying repair mechanisms and application modes of USCs. Potential concerns and perspectives have also been summarized.

中文翻译：

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尿源性干细胞：在皮肤、骨骼和关节软骨修复中的应用

尿源性干细胞（USCs）作为一种新兴的以无创获取为特征的成体干细胞，在组织工程和再生医学中显示出巨大的应用潜力。随着对该主题的研究越来越多，USCs 在各种疾病模型中的有效性已得到证实，并且其潜在机制也已被探索，尽管许多方面仍不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们旨在提供关于 USC 的生物学特性及其在皮肤、骨骼和关节软骨修复中的应用的最新概述。除了 USC 的识别程序外，我们还总结了当前对 USC 的潜在修复机制和应用模式的了解。还总结了潜在的担忧和观点。