Although studies quantifying evolutionary change in response to the selective pressures that organisms face in the wild have demonstrated that organisms can evolve rapidly, we lack a systematic assessment of the frequency, magnitude and direction of rapid evolutionary change across taxa. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of 58 studies that document the effects of warming, predation or competition on the evolution of body size, development rate or fecundity in natural or experimental animal populations. We tested whether there was a consistent effect of any selective agent on any trait, whether the direction of these effects align with theoretical predictions, and whether the three agents select in opposing directions on any trait. Overall, we found weak effects of all three selective agents on trait evolution: none of our nine traits by selective agent combinations had an overall effect that differed from zero, only 31% of studies had a significant within-study effect, and attributes of the included studies generally did not account for between-study variation in results. One notable exception was that predation targeting adults consistently resulted in the evolution of smaller prey body size. We discuss potential causes of these generally weak responses and consider how our results inform the ongoing development of eco-evolutionary research.

中文翻译：

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应对变暖、捕食和竞争的生命史特征的快速演变：荟萃分析。

尽管量化进化变化以响应生物在野外面临的选择压力的研究表明，生物可以快速进化，但我们缺乏对跨类群快速进化变化的频率、幅度和方向的系统评估。为了解决这一差距，我们对 58 项研究进行了荟萃分析，这些研究记录了变暖、捕食或竞争对自然或实验动物种群的体型、发育速度或繁殖力的演变的影响。我们测试了任何选择剂对任何性状是否有一致的影响，这些影响的方向是否与理论预测一致，以及这三种药物是否在任何性状上以相反的方向选择。总的来说，我们发现所有三种选择剂对性状进化的影响都很弱：我们通过选择性药物组合的九个特征中没有一个具有与零不同的总体效应，只有 31% 的研究具有显着的研究内效应，并且纳入研究的属性通常不能解释研究间结果的差异。一个值得注意的例外是，针对成年人的捕食始终导致猎物体型变小。我们讨论了这些普遍较弱的反应的潜在原因，并考虑了我们的结果如何为生态进化研究的持续发展提供信息。一个值得注意的例外是，针对成年人的捕食始终导致猎物体型变小。我们讨论了这些普遍较弱的反应的潜在原因，并考虑了我们的结果如何为生态进化研究的持续发展提供信息。一个值得注意的例外是，针对成年人的捕食始终导致猎物体型变小。我们讨论了这些普遍较弱的反应的潜在原因，并考虑了我们的结果如何为生态进化研究的持续发展提供信息。