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Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile
Nature ( IF 50.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1
Sergio Soto-Acuña 1, 2 , Alexander O Vargas 1 , Jonatan Kaluza 1, 3, 4 , Marcelo A Leppe 1, 5 , Joao F Botelho 1, 6 , José Palma-Liberona 1, 6 , Carolina Simon-Gutstein 1 , Roy A Fernández 1, 7 , Héctor Ortiz 1, 8 , Verónica Milla 1, 7 , Bárbara Aravena 1 , Leslie M E Manríquez 1, 9 , Jhonatan Alarcón-Muñoz 1, 2 , Juan Pablo Pino 1, 2 , Cristine Trevisan 1, 5 , Héctor Mansilla 1, 5 , Luis Felipe Hinojosa 1, 2 , Vicente Muñoz-Walther 1 , David Rubilar-Rogers 1, 10
Affiliation  

Armoured dinosaurs are well known for their evolution of specialized tail weapons—paired tail spikes in stegosaurs and heavy tail clubs in advanced ankylosaurs1. Armoured dinosaurs from southern Gondwana are rare and enigmatic, but probably include the earliest branches of Ankylosauria2,3,4. Here we describe a mostly complete, semi-articulated skeleton of a small (approximately 2 m) armoured dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period of Magallanes in southernmost Chile, a region that is biogeographically related to West Antarctica5. Stegouros elengassen gen. et sp. nov. evolved a large tail weapon unlike any dinosaur: a flat, frond-like structure formed by seven pairs of laterally projecting osteoderms encasing the distal half of the tail. Stegouros shows ankylosaurian cranial characters, but a largely ancestral postcranial skeleton, with some stegosaur-like characters. Phylogenetic analyses placed Stegouros in Ankylosauria; specifically, it is related to Kunbarrasaurus from Australia6 and Antarctopelta from Antarctica7, forming a clade of Gondwanan ankylosaurs that split earliest from all other ankylosaurs. The large osteoderms and specialized tail vertebrae in Antarctopelta suggest that it had a tail weapon similar to Stegouros. We propose a new clade, the Parankylosauria, to include the first ancestor of Stegouros—but not Ankylosaurus—and all descendants of that ancestor.



中文翻译:

智利亚南极过渡甲龙的奇异尾巴武器

装甲恐龙以进化出专门的尾部武器而闻名——剑龙类中的成对尾刺和高级甲龙类中的重尾棒1。来自冈瓦纳南部的装甲恐龙是稀有而神秘的,但可能包括甲龙科2,3,4最早的分支。在这里,我们描述了智利最南部麦哲伦晚期白垩纪时期的一种小型(约 2 m)装甲恐龙的大部分完整的半铰接骨骼,该地区与西南极洲5生物地理相关。剑齿虎将军 等人。十一月 进化出一种不同于任何恐龙的大型尾巴武器:一个扁平的叶状结构,由七对横向突出的骨皮包裹着尾巴的远端。龙展示了甲龙类的颅骨特征,但主要是祖先的颅后骨骼,带有一些类似剑龙的特征。系统发育分析将剑龙归入甲龙类;具体而言,它与来自澳大利亚6的昆巴拉龙来自南极洲7的南极洲有关,形成了最早从所有其他甲龙中分裂出来的冈瓦纳甲龙进化枝。南极洲的大型骨皮和专门的尾椎骨暗示它有一个类似于Stegouros的尾部武器。我们提出了一个新的进化枝,Parankylosauria,包括剑龙的第一个祖先——但不包括甲龙——以及该祖先的所有后代。

更新日期:2021-12-01
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