Nanoplastics (NPs) have attracted great attention as an emerging pollution. To date, their interaction with biological systems has been studied mostly by using fluorescent-labeled NPs, which suffered from serious drawbacks such as biological autofluorescence interference and false-positive results. Reliable optically labeled NP models are eagerly desired until now. Herein, a novel near-infrared (NIR) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) labeled NP model was proposed, which gained single-particle ultra-sensitivity, deep tissue detection, multiplex labeling ability, and anti-interference property. More importantly, the NP demonstrated satisfactory in vivo signal stability which completely prevented the positive-false problems. The advantages of the NPs enabled direct, dynamic in vivo behavior imaging study in living zebrafish embryo, adult zebrafish and green vegetable Brassica rapa. It was found for the first time that NPs entered blood circulation system of zebrafish larva via dermal uptake route, which only occurred in a short 48 h-window post-hatch. NPs widely distributed in roots, shoots and leaves of Brassica rapa seedlings germinating and growing in the NP-containing hydroponic culture. Different depths of one root showed varied adsorption capabilities towards NPs with fulvic acid, lipid and sodium dodecyl sulfate eco-coronas. This work provided an ideal tool for reliable bio-NP interaction study for a variety of organisms, which could promote the research of NPs.

纳米塑料（NPs）作为一种新兴污染引起了人们的广泛关注。迄今为止，它们与生物系统的相互作用主要是通过使用荧光标记的纳米粒子来研究的，这种纳米粒子存在严重的缺陷，例如生物自体荧光干扰和假阳性结果。迄今为止，人们迫切需要可靠的光学标记 NP 模型。在此，提出了一种新的近红外（NIR）表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）标记的NP模型，该模型具有单粒子超灵敏度、深层组织检测、多重标记能力和抗干扰特性。更重要的是，NP表现出令人满意的体内信号稳定性，完全防止了正假问题。NPs 的优势能够在活斑马鱼胚胎中进行直接、动态的体内行为成像研究，芸苔。首次发现 NPs 通过皮肤摄取途径进入斑马鱼幼虫的血液循环系统，仅在孵化后 48 小时的短暂窗口内发生。NPs广泛分布于油菜幼苗的根、芽和叶中，在含NP的水培中萌发和生长。一根根的不同深度对具有富里酸、脂质和十二烷基硫酸钠生态冠的纳米颗粒表现出不同的吸附能力。该工作为多种生物的可靠bio-NP相互作用研究提供了理想的工具，可以促进NPs的研究。