Due to the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, there is an urgent need for research on antithrombotic strategies. In view of the short half-life, insufficient drug penetration, poor targeting capabilities, and hemorrhagic side-effects of traditional thrombus treatment methods, the combination of thrombolytic therapy and nanocarriers brought by the development of nanotechnology in recent years may provide effective solutions for these undesirable side-effects caused by insufficient targeting. Polymeric nanocarriers, based on macromolecules and various functional groups, can connect specific targeting molecules together through chemical modification to achieve the protection and targeted delivery of thrombolytic drugs. However, simple chemical molecular modifications may be easily affected by the physiological environment encountered in the circulatory system. Therefore, the modification of nanocarriers with cell membranes can provide camouflage to these platforms and help to extend their circulation time while also imparting them with the biological functions of cell membranes, thus providing them with precise targeting capabilities, among which the most important is the biological modification of platelet membranes. In addition, some nanoparticles with their own therapeutic functions have also been developed, such as polypyrrole, which can exhibit a photothermal effect to induce thrombolysis. Herein, combined with the mechanism of thrombosis and thrombolysis, we outline the recent advances achieved with thrombus-targeting nanocarriers with regard to thrombosis treatment. On this basis, the design considerations, advantages, and challenges of these thrombolytic therapies in clinical transformation are discussed.

由于心血管疾病的高发病率和死亡率，迫切需要抗血栓策略的研究。针对传统血栓治疗方法半衰期短、药物渗透不足、靶向能力差、出血副作用等问题，近年来纳米技术发展带来的溶栓疗法与纳米载体的结合或可为这些问题提供有效的解决方案。由于靶向不充分而导致不良副作用。聚合物纳米载体以大分子和各种官能团为基础，通过化学修饰将特定的靶向分子连接在一起，实现溶栓药物的保护和靶向递送。然而，简单的化学分子修饰可能很容易受到循环系统中遇到的生理环境的影响。因此，用细胞膜修饰纳米载体可以为这些平台提供伪装，有助于延长其循环时间，同时赋予它们细胞膜的生物学功能，从而为其提供精准的靶向能力，其中最重要的是生物靶向能力。血小板膜的修饰。此外，一些具有自身治疗功能的纳米颗粒也被开发出来，例如聚吡咯，它可以表现出光热效应来诱导溶栓。本文结合血栓形成和溶栓机制，概述了血栓靶向纳米载体在血栓治疗方面的最新进展。在此基础上，讨论了这些溶栓疗法在临床转化中的设计考虑、优势和挑战。