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Microplastics in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): A Forensic Approach for Discrimination between Environmental and Vessel-Induced Microplastics
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-28 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05207 Clara Leistenschneider 1, 2 , Patricia Burkhardt-Holm 1 , Thomas Mani 1 , Sebastian Primpke 2 , Heidi Taubner 3 , Gunnar Gerdts 2
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-28 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05207 Clara Leistenschneider 1, 2 , Patricia Burkhardt-Holm 1 , Thomas Mani 1 , Sebastian Primpke 2 , Heidi Taubner 3 , Gunnar Gerdts 2
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Microplastic (MP) pollution has been found in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, but many local regions within this vast area remain uninvestigated. The remote Weddell Sea contributes to the global thermohaline circulation, and one of the two Antarctic gyres is located in that region. In the present study, we evaluate MP (>300 μm) concentration and composition in surface (n = 34) and subsurface water samples (n = 79, ∼11.2 m depth) of the Weddell Sea. All putative MP were analyzed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. MP was found in 65% of surface and 11.4% of subsurface samples, with mean (±standard deviation (SD)) concentrations of 0.01 (±0.01 SD) MP m–3 and 0.04 (±0.1 SD) MP m–3, respectively, being within the range of previously reported values for regions south of the Polar Front. Additionally, we aimed to determine whether identified paint fragments (n = 394) derive from the research vessel. Environmentally sampled fragments (n = 101) with similar ATR-FTIR spectra to reference paints from the research vessel and fresh paint references generated in the laboratory were further subjected to micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μXRF) to compare their elemental composition. This revealed that 45.5% of all recovered MP derived from vessel-induced contamination. However, 11% of the measured fragments could be distinguished from the reference paints via their elemental composition. This study demonstrates that differentiation based purely on visual characteristics and FTIR spectroscopy might not be sufficient for accurately determining sample contamination sources.
中文翻译：
威德尔海（南极洲）中的微塑料：一种区分环境和船只诱发的微塑料的法医方法
在南极洲周围的南大洋发现了微塑料 (MP) 污染，但这一广阔区域内的许多地方仍未得到调查。偏远的威德尔海促成了全球温盐环流，南极的两个环流之一位于该地区。在本研究中，我们评估了威德尔海地表 ( n = 34) 和地下水样 ( n = 79，~11.2 m 深) 中MP (>300 μm) 的浓度和成分。通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外 (ATR-FTIR) 光谱分析所有假定的 MP。MP 在 65% 的地表和 11.4% 的地下样品中发现，平均（±标准偏差 (SD)）浓度为 0.01 (±0.01 SD) MP m –3和 0.04 (±0.1 SD) MP m –3分别在极地锋以南地区先前报告的值范围内。此外，我们旨在确定已识别的油漆碎片 ( n = 394)是否来自研究船。环境采样片段 ( n= 101) 与来自研究船只的参考油漆和新鲜油漆参考具有相似的 ATR-FTIR 光谱，进一步进行显微 X 射线荧光光谱 (μXRF) 以比较它们的元素组成。这表明所有回收的 MP 中有 45.5% 来自容器引起的污染。然而，11% 的测量碎片可以通过它们的元素组成与参考油漆区分开来。该研究表明，仅基于视觉特征和 FTIR 光谱的区分可能不足以准确确定样品污染源。
更新日期：2021-12-07
中文翻译：
威德尔海（南极洲）中的微塑料：一种区分环境和船只诱发的微塑料的法医方法
在南极洲周围的南大洋发现了微塑料 (MP) 污染，但这一广阔区域内的许多地方仍未得到调查。偏远的威德尔海促成了全球温盐环流，南极的两个环流之一位于该地区。在本研究中，我们评估了威德尔海地表 ( n = 34) 和地下水样 ( n = 79，~11.2 m 深) 中MP (>300 μm) 的浓度和成分。通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外 (ATR-FTIR) 光谱分析所有假定的 MP。MP 在 65% 的地表和 11.4% 的地下样品中发现，平均（±标准偏差 (SD)）浓度为 0.01 (±0.01 SD) MP m –3和 0.04 (±0.1 SD) MP m –3分别在极地锋以南地区先前报告的值范围内。此外，我们旨在确定已识别的油漆碎片 ( n = 394)是否来自研究船。环境采样片段 ( n= 101) 与来自研究船只的参考油漆和新鲜油漆参考具有相似的 ATR-FTIR 光谱，进一步进行显微 X 射线荧光光谱 (μXRF) 以比较它们的元素组成。这表明所有回收的 MP 中有 45.5% 来自容器引起的污染。然而，11% 的测量碎片可以通过它们的元素组成与参考油漆区分开来。该研究表明，仅基于视觉特征和 FTIR 光谱的区分可能不足以准确确定样品污染源。
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