How to increase the joint provision of ecosystem services by agricultural systems. Evidence from coffee-based agroforestry systems,Agricultural Systems

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How to increase the joint provision of ecosystem services by agricultural systems. Evidence from coffee-based agroforestry systems
Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103332
Martin Notaro _{1,

2} , Christian Gary ₂ , Jean-François Le Coq _{3,

4} , Aurélie Metay ₂ , Bruno Rapidel _{1,

2,

5}

Affiliation

CONTEXT

Agricultural systems can provide ecosystem services (ES) beneficial for both the sustainability of farms and the quality of life for humans. Agriculture is regularly criticized for focusing technical management of cropping systems more on production services than on support or regulation services. To achieve the agroecological intensification of cropping systems, a joint provision of multiple ES is required.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to (i) understand the determinants of the provision of ES and (ii) analyze the relationships between these services in order to (iii) identify agroecological intensification pathways. We focused our study on four ES, which are (1) coffee production, (2) water quality preservation, (3) carbon sequestration and (4) biodiversity conservation, provided by coffee agroforestry systems in a small region in Nicaragua.

METHODS

A two-phase sampling scheme was implemented to measure and elucidate the provision of these services. First, we selected a large sample (82 coffee plots) to gain insight into and quantify the four ES. Secondly, we extracted a sub-sample (27 plots) showing variability in the provision of the four ES, to closely examine the determinants of the service most useful to farmers, coffee production.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The results showed that carbon sequestration (in average 36 t.ha⁻¹.yr⁻¹) was not correlated with coffee yield (in average 1127 kg.ha⁻¹.yr⁻¹) and depended more on the presence of a few big trees in farm plots (Ø > 0.9 m) than on tree density. Yield increased with tree biodiversity up to a threshold (Sh_index = 1.5), after which it clearly declined. The use of the most harmful pesticides to human health at higher doses than recommended did not lead to the highest yields. The most important determinants of coffee production were soil nitrogen content, soil pH, solar radiation, disease and weed incidence. Although reducing the shade tree density increased coffee production, this reduction was not necessarily related to a decrease in shade tree biodiversity and carbon sequestration, or an increase in water contamination potential. A few farmers actually achieved such high joint ES provision, in particular by selecting adequate shade trees grown at moderate densities.

SIGNIFICANCE

The novelty of this article lies on an original method that consists in analyzing the ES provided by cropping systems in order to identify management strategies that are effective in providing a higher combined level of ES than those currently provided. We emphasize the importance of linking agricultural practices to the ES delivered, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of which technical levers are positively correlated with the determinants of the expected services.

中文翻译：

如何增加农业系统对生态系统服务的联合提供。来自基于咖啡的农林业系统的证据

语境

农业系统可以提供有益于农场可持续性和人类生活质量的生态系统服务 (ES)。农业经常受到批评，因为种植系统的技术管理更侧重于生产服务，而不是支持或监管服务。为了实现种植系统的农业生态集约化，需要联合提供多种 ES。

客观的

我们的目标是 (i) 了解提供 ES 的决定因素和 (ii) 分析这些服务之间的关系，以便 (iii) 确定农业生态集约化途径。我们将研究重点放在尼加拉瓜一个小地区的咖啡农林业系统提供的四种 ES 上，即 (1) 咖啡生产、(2) 水质保护、(3) 碳封存和 (4) 生物多样性保护。

方法

实施了两阶段抽样方案来衡量和阐明这些服务的提供情况。首先，我们选择了一个大样本（82 个咖啡图）来深入了解和量化这四个 ES。其次，我们提取了一个子样本（27 个地块），显示了四种 ES 提供的可变性，以仔细检查对农民最有用的服务、咖啡生产的决定因素。

结果与结论

结果表明，碳封存（平均 36 t.ha ^-1 .yr ^-1）与咖啡产量（平均 1127 kg.ha ^-1 .yr ^-1）无关，更多地取决于一些大农场地块 (Ø > 0.9 m) 中的树木比树木密度。产量随着树木生物多样性达到阈值而增加（Sh_指数 = 1.5)，之后明显下降。以高于推荐的剂量使用对人类健康最有害的杀虫剂并不会导致最高的产量。咖啡生产的最重要决定因素是土壤氮含量、土壤 pH 值、太阳辐射、疾病和杂草发生率。尽管降低遮荫树密度会增加咖啡产量，但这种减少不一定与遮荫树生物多样性和碳固存减少或水污染可能性增加有关。一些农民实际上实现了如此高的联合 ES 供应，特别是通过选择适当的以中等密度生长的遮荫树。