Aquatic species have become an integral part of human culture. As an internationally important food fish species, the common carp Cyprinus carpio accounted for over 7% of global aquaculture production in 2020. In addition to serving as a food source, common carp varieties are used as ornamental fish and valued in recreational fisheries. The continuously updated reference genome of common carp has recently served as a foundation for both basic genetic studies and evolutionary studies. With the recent emphasis on the allotetraploid signature of common carp, researchers have begun to focus on how hybridization and polyploidization affect the successful speciation and advantageous behaviour of common carp. In this review, we survey current and emerging research topics on common carp, including genomic and genetic tools, germplasm resources, genetic diversity, genetic mechanism and improvement of economic traits, as well as multiple breeding technologies employed in common carp. We also provide an overview of recent trends in genetic studies and improvements in common carp and encourage researchers to monitor the allotetraploid signature of common carp. Understanding the genetic basis of economically important traits and the mechanisms of allopolyploidization in common carp will be important for genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in agronomically important fish species, although the road ahead will be challenging for this widely domesticated allotetraploid species.

中文翻译：

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异源四倍体鲤鱼基因组学和遗传改良的研究进展及未来展望

水生物种已成为人类文化不可分割的一部分。鲤鱼Cyprinus carpio作为国际重要的食用鱼种2020年占全球水产养殖产量的7%以上。鲤鱼品种除了作为食物来源外，还被用作观赏鱼，在休闲渔业中受到重视。最近不断更新的鲤鱼参考基因组已成为基础遗传研究和进化研究的基础。随着最近对鲤鱼异源四倍体特征的重视，研究人员开始关注杂交和多倍体化如何影响鲤鱼的成功物种形成和有利行为。在这篇综述中，我们调查了鲤鱼当前和新兴的研究课题，包括基因组和遗传工具、种质资源、遗传多样性、遗传机制和经济性状的改进，以及鲤鱼采用的多种育种技术。我们还概述了鲤鱼基因研究和改进的最新趋势，并鼓励研究人员监测鲤鱼的异源四倍体特征。了解鲤鱼经济重要性状的遗传基础和异源多倍体化机制对于重要农艺鱼类的遗传改良和种质创新具有重要意义，尽管对于这种广泛驯化的异源四倍体物种而言，前进的道路将充满挑战。