Forest products have become scarce for local communities in the Philippines. After decades of severe deforestation, a net gain in forest area has only been observed in recent years for the first time. This paper seeks to broaden the understanding of forest livelihood relationships at the turning point of a forest transition trajectory. Based on 993 household surveys from 10 distinct research sites, we use Hierarchical Cluster Analysis to identify six distinct livelihood strategies (LS): remittances-based, livestock-based, crop farming-based, business-oriented, natural resource-based, and wage-based strategies. The highest number of households belongs to the wage-based cluster, which also shows the highest total income. Forest-related incomes only account for small shares of total income for the vast majority of households, although most households collect limited quantities of forest products for domestic use. Nevertheless, one cluster, which includes 12.4% of the sample, generates the largest shares of their income from extractive activities like harvesting forest products and fishing. The households relying most strongly on natural resources in our study sites are also the ones with the lowest total income. Our finding implies that future reforestation policies have to put a special focus on incorporating livelihood benefits for local communities. This should go beyond short-term payments for activities such as tree planting and enable the rural households to derive long-term impacts for human well-being and poverty alleviation. Because most of the forest products reported by our surveyed households were collected for domestic use, they did not contribute much to total household income. This indicates a potential for improving rural income, if forest-product value chains at the smallholder level are improved by future policy interventions.

菲律宾当地社区的林产品变得稀缺。经过数十年的严重森林砍伐，最近几年才首次观察到森林面积的净增加。本文旨在拓宽对森林转型轨迹转折点的森林生计关系的理解。基于来自 10 个不同研究地点的 993 户家庭调查，我们使用层次聚类分析来确定六种不同的生计策略 (LS)：基于汇款、基于牲畜、基于作物种植、基于商业、基于自然资源和工资基于策略。最多的家庭属于基于工资的集群，这也显示出最高的总收入。与森林有关的收入仅占绝大多数家庭总收入的一小部分，尽管大多数家庭收集数量有限的林产品供家庭使用。尽管如此，包括 12.4% 样本的一个集群从采伐活动（如收获林产品和捕鱼）中产生的收入份额最大。在我们的研究地点，最依赖自然资源的家庭也是总收入最低的家庭。我们的发现意味着未来的重新造林政策必须特别关注为当地社区带来生计利益。这应该超越对植树等活动的短期支付，并使农村家庭能够对人类福祉和扶贫产生长期影响。由于我们被调查家庭报告的大部分林产品是采集自用，他们对家庭总收入的贡献不大。这表明，如果未来的政策干预能够改善小农一级的林产品价值链，那么农村收入就有可能提高。