There are encouraging signs in our collective progress to leverage the immune system to treat pediatric cancers. Here, we summarize interim successes in cancer immunotherapy and opportunities to translate from the adult world to pediatrics, and highlight challenges that could benefit from additional development, focusing on solid tumors. Just a decade ago, other than antibodies targeting disialoganglioside (GD2) in neuroblastoma, pediatric cancer immunotherapy was mostly relegated to obscure preclinical studies in a few academic labs. Today there are numerous clinical trials of a variety of antibody, cellular, gene, and viral therapies and vaccines designed to either promote antitumor immunity or specifically attack validated immunotherapy targets. Understanding those targets and their pediatric relevance is paramount. While much work is underway to evaluate the utility of numerous immunologic targets, the lack of regulatory approvals is emblematic of the challenges that remain. Herein we focus our review on the most promising targeted immunotherapies in clinical trials for children.

在我们利用免疫系统治疗儿科癌症的集体进展中出现了令人鼓舞的迹象。在这里，我们总结了癌症免疫治疗的临时成功和从成人世界转化为儿科的机会，并强调了可能受益于额外发展的挑战，重点是实体瘤。就在十年前，除了针对神经母细胞瘤中的二唾液酸神经节苷脂 (GD2) 的抗体外，小儿癌症免疫疗法在一些学术实验室中大多被归为模糊的临床前研究。今天，有许多针对各种抗体、细胞、基因和病毒疗法和疫苗的临床试验，旨在促进抗肿瘤免疫或专门攻击经过验证的免疫疗法靶点。了解这些目标及其儿科相关性至关重要。虽然评估众多免疫靶点的效用正在进行大量工作，但缺乏监管批准是仍然存在挑战的象征。在此，我们重点回顾儿童临床试验中最有希望的靶向免疫疗法。