Purpose

The purpose of the study is to establish prospective relationships among school mean levels of substance use, developmental risk and resilience factors, and school discipline.

Methods

We linked 2003–2014 data from the California Healthy Kids Survey and the Civil Rights Data Collection, from more than 4,800 schools and 4,950,000 students. With lagged multilevel linear models, we estimated relationships among standardized school average levels of six substance use measures; eight developmental risk and resilience factors; and the prevalence of total discipline, out-of-school discipline, and police-involved discipline.

Results

School mean substance use and risk/resilience factors predicted subsequent prevalence of discipline. For example, a one–standard deviation higher school mean level of smoking, binge drinking, and cannabis use was associated, respectively, with 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14%, 18%), 18% (95% CI: 16%, 20%), and 21% (95% CI: 19%, 23%) higher subsequent prevalence of total discipline. A one–standard deviation higher mean level of community support and feeling safe in school was associated, respectively, with 21% (95% CI: 18%, 23%) and 9% (95% CI: 7%, 11%) lower total discipline. Higher violence/harassment was associated with 5% (95% CI: 4%, 7%) higher total discipline. Peer and home support, student resilience, and neighborhood safety were not associated with total discipline. Nearly all associations remained, attenuated, when we restricted to out-of-school and police-involved discipline.

Conclusions

Schools with students who, on average, have higher substance use, less school and community support, and feel less safe in schools have a higher prevalence of school discipline and police contact. The public health implications of mass criminalization extend beyond criminal legal system settings and into schools.

中文翻译：

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学校到监狱渠道的学校健康预测因素：药物使用、发育风险和复原力因素

目的

该研究的目的是建立学校物质使用平均水平、发展风险和复原力因素以及学校纪律之间的前瞻性关系。

方法

我们将 2003 年至 2014 年加州健康儿童调查和民权数据收集的数据联系起来，这些数据来自 4,800 多所学校和 4,950,000 名学生。通过滞后的多级线性模型，我们估计了六种物质使用指标的标准化学校平均水平之间的关系；八个发展风险和复原力因素；全面纪律、校外纪律和警察参与纪律的普遍存在。

结果

学校平均药物使用和风险/弹性因素预测了纪律的后续发生率。例如，一标准差的高中吸烟、酗酒和吸食大麻的平均水平分别与 16%（95% 置信区间 [CI]：14%、18%）、18%（95%随后总体纪律发生率 CI：16%、20%）和 21%（95% CI：19%、23%）较高。社区支持和学校安全感平均水平升高一个标准差，分别与降低 21%（95% CI：18%、23%）和 9%（95% CI：7%、11%）相关全面纪律。较高的暴力/骚扰与较高的总纪律程度相关 5%（95% CI：4%、7%）。同伴和家庭支持、学生的适应能力和邻里安全与全面纪律无关。当我们限制校外和警察参与的纪律时，几乎所有的关联都仍然存在，但都被削弱了。

结论

学生平均吸毒率较高、学校和社区支持较少、在校安全感较差的学校，学校纪律和警察接触的发生率较高。大规模定罪对公共卫生的影响超出了刑事法律体系的范围，也延伸到了学校。