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Ore Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Dating (Re-Os, Ar-Ar) of the El Volcán Porphyry/Epithermal System, Maricunga Gold Belt, Northern Chile
Economic Geology ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 , DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4856
Stephanie Lohmeier 1 , Bernd Lehmann 1 , Albrecht Schneider 2 , Andrew Hodgkin 2 , Raymond Burgess 3
Affiliation  

The El Volcán gold project (8.9 Moz Au @ 0.71 g/t Au) is located in the Maricunga gold belt in northern Chile, on the flank of the large Cenozoic Copiapó Volcanic Complex. Precious metal mineralization is hosted in two zones (Dorado and Ojo de Agua) of (pervasively) altered Miocene porphyry intrusions and lava flows of andesitic to rhyolitic composition, and in breccias. The ore zones reflect an evolving magmatic-hydrothermal system with mineral assemblages of magnetite-ilmenite-pyrite-molybdenite (early), bornite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-rutile (stage I), chalcocite-chalcopyrite-enargite-fahlore-pyrite (stage II), and chalcopyrite-covellite-pyrite (stage III). Alteration is dominantly of Maricunga-style (illite-smectite-chlorite ± kaolinite), partly obscured by quartz-kaolinite-alunite ± illite ± smectite alteration. Powdery quartz-alunite-kaolinite alteration with native sulfur and cinnabar forms shallow steam-heated zones. Early K-feldspar ± biotite alteration is preserved only in small porphyry cores and in deep drill holes. Most gold is submicrometer size and is in banded quartz veinlets, which are characteristic of the Maricunga gold belt. However, some gold is disseminated in zones of pervasive quartz-kaolinite-alunite alteration, with and without banded quartz veinlets. Minor visible gold is related to disseminated chalcocite-chalcopyrite-enargite-fahlore-pyrite. The lithogeochemical database identifies a pronounced Au-Te-Re signature (>100× bulk crust) of the hydrothermal system. Molybdenum-rich bulk rock (100–400 ppm Mo) has an Re-Os age of 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ). 40Ar-39Ar ages on deep K-feldspar alteration and on alunite altered rock have the same age within error and yield a combined age of 11.20 ± 0.25 Ma (2σ). The formation of the El Volcán gold deposit took place during the establishment of the Chilean flat-slab setting in a time of increasing crustal thickness when hydrous magmas were formed in a mature arc setting. The vigorous nature of the hydrothermal system is expressed by abundant one-phase vapor fluid inclusions recording magmatic vapor streaming through a large rock column with a vertical extent of ≥1,500 m.

中文翻译:

智利北部 Maricunga 金矿带 El Volcán Porphyry/Epithermal System 的矿石矿物学、地球化学和测年(Re-Os、Ar-Ar)

El Volcán 金矿项目(8.9 Moz Au @ 0.71 g/t Au)位于智利北部的 Maricunga 金矿带,位于大型新生代 Copiapó 火山群的侧面。贵金属矿化位于(普遍)改变的中新世斑岩侵入体和安山岩至流纹岩组成的熔岩流的两个区域(Dorado 和 Ojo de Agua)以及角砾岩中。矿带反映了岩浆-热液系统的演化,其中矿物组合为磁铁矿-钛铁矿-黄铁矿-辉钼矿(早期)、斑铜矿-黄铜矿-黄铁矿-金红石(第一阶段)、辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-辉绿岩-黄铁矿(第二阶段) ,和黄铜矿-铜铜矿-黄铁矿(第三阶段)。蚀变主要是 Maricunga 型(伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石 ± 高岭石),部分被石英-高岭石-明矾石 ± 伊利石 ± 蒙脱石蚀变所掩盖。粉状石英-明矾石-高岭石与原生硫和朱砂的蚀变形成浅层蒸汽加热带。早期钾长石±黑云母蚀变仅保存在小的斑岩岩心和深钻孔中。大多数黄金是亚微米级的,呈带状石英细脉,这是 Maricunga 金矿带的特征。然而,一些黄金散布在普遍存在的石英-高岭石-明矾石蚀变带中,有或没有带状石英细脉。少量可见金与弥散的辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-法洛尔-黄铁矿有关。岩石地球化学数据库确定了热液系统的明显 Au-Te-Re 特征(>100× 块状地壳)。富含钼的大块岩石 (100–400 ppm Mo) 的 Re-Os 年龄为 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ)。早期钾长石±黑云母蚀变仅保存在小的斑岩岩心和深钻孔中。大多数黄金是亚微米级的,呈带状石英细脉,这是 Maricunga 金矿带的特征。然而,一些黄金散布在普遍存在的石英-高岭石-明矾石蚀变带中,有或没有带状石英细脉。少量可见金与弥散的辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-法洛尔-黄铁矿有关。岩石地球化学数据库确定了热液系统的明显 Au-Te-Re 特征(>100× 块状地壳)。富含钼的大块岩石 (100–400 ppm Mo) 的 Re-Os 年龄为 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ)。早期钾长石±黑云母蚀变仅保存在小的斑岩岩心和深钻孔中。大多数黄金是亚微米级的,呈带状石英细脉,这是 Maricunga 金矿带的特征。然而,一些黄金散布在普遍存在的石英-高岭石-明矾石蚀变带中,有或没有带状石英细脉。少量可见金与弥散的辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-法洛尔-黄铁矿有关。岩石地球化学数据库确定了热液系统的明显 Au-Te-Re 特征(>100× 块状地壳)。富含钼的大块岩石 (100–400 ppm Mo) 的 Re-Os 年龄为 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ)。这是 Maricunga 金带的特征。然而,一些黄金散布在普遍存在的石英-高岭石-明矾石蚀变带中,有或没有带状石英细脉。少量可见金与弥散的辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-法洛尔-黄铁矿有关。岩石地球化学数据库确定了热液系统的明显 Au-Te-Re 特征(>100× 块状地壳)。富含钼的大块岩石 (100–400 ppm Mo) 的 Re-Os 年龄为 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ)。这是 Maricunga 金带的特征。然而,一些黄金散布在普遍存在的石英-高岭石-明矾石蚀变带中,有或没有带状石英细脉。少量可见金与弥散的辉铜矿-黄铜矿-磷灰石-法洛尔-黄铁矿有关。岩石地球化学数据库确定了热液系统的明显 Au-Te-Re 特征(>100× 块状地壳)。富含钼的大块岩石 (100–400 ppm Mo) 的 Re-Os 年龄为 10.94 ± 0.17 Ma (2σ)。深钾长石蚀变岩和铝蚀变岩上的40 Ar- 39 Ar 年龄在误差范围内相同,产生的综合年龄为 11.20 ± 0.25 Ma (2σ)。El Volcán 金矿床的形成发生在智利平板环境建立期间,当时地壳厚度增加,含水岩浆在成熟的弧环境中形成。丰富的单相蒸汽流体包裹体记录了岩浆蒸汽流过垂直范围≥1,500 m 的大型岩柱,表现出热液系统的活力。
更新日期:2021-11-24
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