Building upon participant observation in a women’s sharia court in Mumbai, run by activists of an Islamic feminist movement in India, and its networks with similar alternative dispute resolution forums run by male qazis (non-state actors trained in Islamic law and Muslim personal law), this article explores the modalities of interaction between non-state actors who adjudicate Muslim personal law in India. It also delineates how gendered agency is shaped in these interactions. This article identifies three aspects of this interaction between male and female non-state actors: (1) everyday cooperation between male and female qazi despite their doctrinal differences; (2) the gradual assertion of female qazi in and through everyday cooperation with male qazi; and (3) institutional competition interlaced with everyday cooperation. I explore a range of interactions including contestation and collaborative contestation between non-state actors, a domain that has not been explored in existing scholarship on legal pluralism. I also draw attention to how we might think about women’s agency in a legal pluralist context beyond a straightforward challenge to male authority and as it is forged at the intersection of individuals, interactions, and institutions. Through a critical exploration of women’s agency, I show how women both inhabit and transform gender norms at an individual and institutional level in their interactions with non-state actors and institutions, expanding scholarship on legal pluralism and gender beyond reified “women’s interests.”

建立在孟买一个由印度伊斯兰女权运动的积极分子管理的妇女伊斯兰教法庭的参与者观察基础上，该法庭的网络与由男性卡齐斯管理的类似替代性争议解决论坛组成（接受过伊斯兰法和穆斯林属人法培训的非国家行为者），本文探讨了在印度裁决穆斯林属人法的非国家行为者之间的互动方式。它还描述了在这些互动中如何塑造性别代理。本文确定了男性和女性非国家行为者之间互动的三个方面：（1）男性和女性 qazi 之间的日常合作，尽管他们的教义存在差异；(2) 女性卡子在与男性卡子的日常合作中逐渐确立自己的地位；(3) 制度竞争与日常合作交织在一起。我探索了一系列互动，包括非国家行为者之间的竞争和合作竞争，这是现有法律多元化研究中尚未探索的领域。我还提请注意我们如何在法律多元化的背景下思考女性的能动性，而不仅仅是对男性权威的直接挑战，因为它是在个人、互动和机构的交汇处形成的。通过对女性能动性的批判性探索，我展示了女性在与非国家行为者和机构的互动中如何在个人和机构层面上融入和转变性别规范，从而将法律多元化和性别的学术研究扩展到物化的“女性利益”之外。