Propagation modeling of small/big pebbles and air-dry/wet sand environments for wireless sensor networks has not been extensively studied in the 5G frequency band. This study is necessary for the proper coverage planning and efficient operation of wireless sensors in various applications such as monitoring summer sporting activities, and environmental/ground surveillance on coastal pebble/sand environments, or tracking pebble mobility and including the rescue of the flood-type avalanche in Gravel-Bed Rivers. In this study, empirical path loss models are proposed for wireless sensor networks in pebble/sand environments at two discrete frequencies, namely 3.5 and 4.2 GHz. The theoretical models and proposed models are compared to indicate the accuracy of proposed models in predicting the path loss in these environments. Additionally, R-squared and RMSE values of eight different generated models are calculated in the range of 0.931–0.877 and 2.284–2.837, respectively. These comparisons indicate that empirical model parameters have a significant effect on the path loss model.

用于无线传感器网络的小/大卵石和风干/湿沙环境的传播建模尚未在 5G 频段得到广泛研究。这项研究对于无线传感器在各种应用中的正确覆盖规划和有效运行是必要的，例如监测夏季体育活动，对沿海卵石/沙子环境进行环境/地面监测，或跟踪卵石移动性，包括救援洪水类型砾石河床雪崩。在这项研究中，针对卵石/沙地环境中的无线传感器网络在两个离散频率（即 3.5 和 4.2 GHz）下提出了经验路径损耗模型。将理论模型和提出的模型进行比较，以表明提出的模型在预测这些环境中的路径损耗方面的准确性。此外，八种不同生成模型的R平方和 RMSE 值分别计算在 0.931–0.877 和 2.284–2.837 的范围内。这些比较表明，经验模型参数对路径损耗模型有显着影响。