The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the transfer of many therapeutic drugs across the brain. Therefore, the leading treatment strategies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often unsuccessful. Another challenge is to achieve specific targetability across BBB and diagnosis. Herein, theranostic-based strategies are emerging in order to combine therapeutic, targeting, and diagnostic capabilities. Recent nanotechnological advancements enable a common platform for the formulation and development of efficient theranostics. This can be attained by engineering some of the properties of nanomaterials, thus enabling them to become efficient and suitable theranostics. In this review, we discuss the various novel approaches of theranostic nanomaterials owing to multimodal functionality across the brain as an effective and probable treatment as well as early (timely) diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this respect, we conducted a PubMed search to review the latest development in theranostic nanomaterials, especially for Alzheimer's (major type of dementia) therapy that led us to discuss the present theranostic nanomaterials utilizing drug carriers that include cargo, targeting ligands, and imaging agents for delivery to particular tissues, cells, or subcellular components. Our focus is on strategies for syntheses, but we will also consider the challenges and prospects associated with this evolving technology. The current review includes knowledge of the history, overview of AD, and therapeutics with a future approach of using theranostic nanomaterials as personalized medicines.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料在阿尔茨海默病中的治疗诊断应用：一种多功能方法。

血脑屏障 (BBB) 阻止了许多治疗药物在大脑中的转移。因此，阿尔茨海默病（AD）的主要治疗策略往往不成功。另一个挑战是在 BBB 和诊断中实现特定的靶向性。在此，基于治疗诊断的策略正在兴起，以结合治疗、靶向和诊断能力。最近的纳米技术进步为高效治疗学的制定和开发提供了一个通用平台。这可以通过设计纳米材料的一些特性来实现，从而使它们成为有效和合适的治疗诊断学。在本次审查中，我们讨论了治疗诊断纳米材料的各种新方法，因为它们具有跨大脑的多模态功能，可作为一种有效且可能的治疗方法以及阿尔茨海默病的早期（及时）诊断。在这方面，我们进行了 PubMed 搜索以回顾治疗诊断纳米材料的最新发展，特别是对于阿尔茨海默氏症（主要类型的痴呆症）治疗，这使我们讨论了目前利用药物载体的治疗诊断纳米材料，包括货物、靶向配体和显像剂用于递送至特定组织、细胞或亚细胞成分。我们的重点是合成策略，但我们也会考虑与这种不断发展的技术相关的挑战和前景。当前的审查包括历史知识、AD 概述、