Various biotic and abiotic factors regulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption and emission in coastal waters. Factors controlling the regional air-sea CO₂ fluxes were studied in Tuticorin Bay, a highly urbanized region along the southeast coast of India. Significant spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of inorganic carbon components in the bay was observed based on the exposure to different anthropogenic pressures. Thermal effluent discharges made the south zone of the bay a strong CO₂ source by enhancing heterotrophy. Untreated sewage discharges in the middle zone mediated eutrophic conditions leading to strong autotrophy and restricting the zone as a weak source of CO_2. Irrespective of the anthropogenic stressors, biological processes dominated the air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the Tuticorin Bay. The results indicated that micro-level studies are needed in understanding the carbon cycle in environments with multiple anthropogenic stressors.

各种生物和非生物因素调节沿海水域的二氧化碳 (CO ₂ ) 吸收和排放。在印度东南沿海高度城市化的地区杜蒂戈林湾研究了控制区域海气 CO _{2通量的因素。}基于暴露于不同的人为压力，观察到海湾无机碳组分分布存在显着的空间异质性。热流出物的排放通过增强异养作用使海湾南部区域成为强 CO _2源。中间区域未经处理的污水排放介导了富营养化条件，导致强烈的自养并限制该区域成为 CO _{2 的弱源。}无论人为压力源如何，生物过程都主导着 Tuticorin 湾的海气 CO ₂通量。结果表明，需要进行微观层面的研究来了解具有多种人为压力源的环境中的碳循环。