The aim of this study was to investigate how the properties of powered food (particle size and chemical composition), food contact surface (surface roughness), and the environment (ambient relative humidity) impact the efficacy of brushing and scraping in removing wheat flour and non-fat dry milk (NFDM) from stainless steel coupon surfaces. Scraping was significantly less effective than brushing in the removal of powder under all conditions. The number of brush passes (7 ± 2) required to remove NFDM at 0.81 a_w was significantly greater than for samples at lower a_w levels. Moreover, surface protein residues were still detected following brush removal of NFDM at 0.69 and 0.81 a_w. Adhesion and cohesion in samples equilibrated at different relative humidity levels (i.e. different resulting a_w) were measured using custom test cells to quantify shear force. Greater adhesion and cohesion were detected for NFDM at higher a_w levels. Adhesion and cohesion of NFDM at 0.81 a_w were determined to be 129 ± 60 N/m² and 5418 ± 633 N/m²_, respectively. In addition, the particle size of NFDM (75, 180 and 355 μm) and the interaction between particle size and surface roughness (Ra = 0.17 ± 0.09, 0.77 ± 0.12, 1.08 ± 0.37 and 2.05 ± 0.40 μm) had significant effects on residual ATP following brushing. However, surface roughness did not significantly affect cleaning outcomes under the tested conditions. Overall, these findings highlight the potential for allergenic residue retention after conventional dry cleaning using hand tools. By better understanding the baseline efficacy of conventional hand tools used in dry cleaning under different scenarios, more effective cleaning technologies can be developed.

本研究的目的是调查粉状食品的特性（粒度和化学成分）、食品接触表面（表面粗糙度）和环境（环境相对湿度）如何影响刷和刮去除小麦粉和面粉的功效。不锈钢试样表面的脱脂奶粉 (NFDM)。在所有条件下，刮除粉末的效果明显不如刷涂。去除 0.81 a _{w 的}NFDM 所需的刷子通过次数 (7 ± 2)显着大于较低 a _w水平的样品。此外，在 0.69 和 0.81 a _w刷去除 NFDM 后仍检测到表面蛋白质残留. 在不同相对湿度水平（即不同的结果 a _w）平衡的样品中的粘附力和内聚力使用定制的测试单元来测量以量化剪切力。在较高的 a _w水平下检测到 NFDM 具有更大的粘附力和内聚力。NFDM 在 0.81 a _{w 的}附着力和内聚力被确定为 129 ± 60 N/m ²和 5418 ± 633 N/m ² _，分别。此外，NFDM 的粒径（75、180 和 355 μm）以及粒径与表面粗糙度之间的相互作用（Ra = 0.17 ± 0.09、0.77 ± 0.12、1.08 ± 0.37 和 2.05 ± 0.40 μm）对残留有显着影响。刷牙后的ATP。然而，在测试条件下，表面粗糙度不会显着影响清洁结果。总体而言，这些发现强调了使用手动工具进行常规干洗后可能会保留过敏原残留物。通过更好地了解不同场景下用于干洗的常规手动工具的基线功效，可以开发更有效的清洁技术。