Crustal roots are identified in collision chains worldwide. Frequently mirroring the summits of mountain systems, they elegantly encapsulate the concept of isostasy. The rugged topography of northern Iberia results from convergence with the European plate during the Alpine orogeny that formed the Pyrenean-Cantabrian mountain range. From east to west, the range comprises three distinct parts: the Pyrenees, the Basque Cantabrian region, and the Cantabrian Mountains. The identification of the Pyrenean root in the 1980s and the observation of a similar geometry beneath the Cantabrian range in the 1990s gave place to the current view of crustal thickening as a continuous feature, resulting from the northward subduction of Iberian crust. Recent developments in rift architecture have delivered a complex rifting template for the area prior to convergence, and contrasting views based on two-dimensional restorations have led to a debate over its evolution. A crucial geophysical constraint is Moho topography. Using two different data sets and techniques, we present the most accurate Moho surface to date, evidencing abrupt changes throughout the orogen. The complexity of hyperextended margins underlies the current Moho topography, and this is ultimately transferred to the nonuniform orogenic pattern found in northern Iberia.

中文翻译：

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伊比利亚北部地壳根部的不均匀性，边缘重新激活难以捉摸的阶段的快照

地壳根部在世界各地的碰撞链中被识别。它们经常反映山脉系统的顶峰，优雅地概括了均衡的概念。伊比利亚北部崎岖的地形是在形成比利牛斯-坎塔布连山脉的阿尔卑斯造山运动期间与欧洲板块汇合的结果。从东到西，该山脉包括三个不同的部分：比利牛斯山脉、巴斯克坎塔布连地区和坎塔布连山脉。1980 年代比利牛斯山根部的识别以及 1990 年代坎塔布连山脉下方类似几何形状的观察，让当前认为地壳增厚是一个连续特征的观点成为可能，这是由伊比利亚地壳向北俯冲造成的。裂谷结构的最新发展为收敛之前的区域提供了复杂的裂谷模板，基于二维修复的不同观点引发了对其演变的争论。一个关键的地球物理约束是莫霍面地形。使用两个不同的数据集和技术，我们展示了迄今为止最准确的莫霍面，证明了整个造山带的突然变化。超延边缘的复杂性构成了当前莫霍面地形的基础，这最终转移到伊比利亚北部发现的非均匀造山模式。