The coexistence and interaction of a granular liquid-like phase (emulsion) and a gas-like phase (bubbles) in fluidization is a spontaneous symmetry-breaking dissipative state, contributing to excellent mixing behavior in fluidized beds. In the present study, a universal granular state equation to describe the phase coexistence at far away from the critical point is developed by taking both the inelastic solid collision and asymmetrical instability into consideration. Besides, a cold-flow experiment using particles of the Geldart's A group at 0.1–1 MPa pressure is performed to verify the granular state equation, where the solid volume fraction (ε_s) and solid pressure (p_s) are obtained by a dual optical probe and a special pressure transducer, respectively. Based on both theoretical analysis and experimental study, a phase diagram is produced to serve as a useful guide for the design and operation of efficient fluidized-bed reactors.

中文翻译：

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流化中的相共存

颗粒状液体相（乳液）和气体相（气泡）在流化过程中的共存和相互作用是一种自发的对称破缺耗散状态，有助于在流化床中实现出色的混合行为。在本研究中，考虑到非弹性固体碰撞和不对称不稳定性，建立了一个描述远离临界点的相共存的通用颗粒状态方程。此外，使用 Geldart 的 A 组粒子在 0.1-1 MPa 压力下进行冷流实验，以验证颗粒状态方程，其中固体体积分数 ( ε _s ) 和固体压力 ( p _s) 分别通过双光学探头和特殊压力传感器获得。在理论分析和实验研究的基础上，生成了相图，为高效流化床反应器的设计和运行提供了有用的指导。