The change of low earth orbit temperature (−150 °C −150 °C) has a great influence on the normal operation of communication equipment in space station. In order to make the communication equipment in space station operate normally, it is necessary to explore the high and low temperature resistance of optical fiber. In this paper, the loss of optical fiber at extremely low and high temperatures is analyzed by controlling the constant temperature through the temperature control experiment box. The result shows that the loss of optical fiber at low temperature is significantly higher than that at high temperature. After the temperature changes from low temperature to high temperature, the transmission loss of optical fiber decreases. This paper provides a basis for the application of optical fiber in extremely low and high temperature environments.

低地球轨道温度（-150℃-150℃）的变化对空间站通信设备的正常运行有很大影响。为了使空间站中的通信设备正常运行，需要探索光纤的耐高低温性。本文通过温控实验箱控制恒温对光纤在极低温和高温下的损耗进行分析。结果表明，光纤在低温下的损耗明显高于高温下的损耗。温度由低温变为高温后，光纤的传输损耗降低。该论文为光纤在极低温和高温环境中的应用提供了依据。