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How Do We Believe?
Topics in Cognitive Science ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-18 , DOI: 10.1111/tops.12580
Steven A Sloman 1
Affiliation  

My first 30-odd years of research in cognitive science has been driven by an attempt to balance two facts about human thought that seem incompatible and two corresponding ways of understanding information processing. The facts are that, on one hand, human memories serve as sophisticated pattern recognition devices with great flexibility and an ability to generalize and predict as long as circumstances remain sufficiently familiar. On the other hand, we are capable of deploying an enormous variety of representational schemes that map closely onto articulable structure in the world and that support explanation even in unfamiliar circumstances. The contrasting ways of modeling such processes involve, first, more and more sophisticated associative models that capture progressively higher-order statistical structure and, second, more powerful representational languages for other sorts of structure, especially compositional and causal structure. My efforts to rectify these forces have taken me from the study of memory to induction and category knowledge to causal reasoning. In the process, I have consistently appealed to dual systems of thinking. I have come to realize that a key reason for our success as cognizers is that we rely on others for most of our information processing needs; we live in a community of knowledge. We make use of others both intuitively—by outsourcing much of our thinking without knowing we are doing it—and by deliberating with others.

中文翻译:

我们如何相信?

我最初 30 多年的认知科学研究一直是为了平衡关于人类思维的两个似乎不相容的事实和理解信息处理的两种相应方式。事实是,一方面,人类记忆作为复杂的模式识别设备具有很大的灵活性,并且只要环境仍然足够熟悉,就具有概括和预测的能力。另一方面,我们能够部署各种各样的表示方案,这些方案紧密地映射到世界上可表达的结构,并且即使在不熟悉的情况下也能支持解释。对此类过程进行建模的对比方法包括,首先,越来越复杂的关联模型可以捕捉到更高阶的统计结构,其次,更强大的表示语言用于其他类型的结构,尤其是组合结构和因果结构。我为纠正这些力量所做的努力使我从记忆研究到归纳,从类别知识到因果推理。在这个过程中,我一直呼吁双重思维系统。我开始意识到,我们作为认知者成功的一个关键原因是我们依赖他人来满足我们大部分的信息处理需求。我们生活在一个知识社区。我们既直观地利用他人——通过在不知道我们正在做的情况下外包我们的大部分思维——和与他人商议。我为纠正这些力量所做的努力使我从记忆研究到归纳,从类别知识到因果推理。在这个过程中,我一直呼吁双重思维系统。我开始意识到,我们作为认知者成功的一个关键原因是我们依赖他人来满足我们大部分的信息处理需求。我们生活在一个知识社区。我们既直观地利用他人——通过在不知道我们正在做的情况下外包我们的大部分思维——和与他人商议。我为纠正这些力量所做的努力使我从记忆研究到归纳,从类别知识到因果推理。在这个过程中,我一直呼吁双重思维系统。我开始意识到,我们作为认知者成功的一个关键原因是我们依赖他人来满足我们大部分的信息处理需求。我们生活在一个知识社区。我们既直观地利用他人——通过在不知道我们正在做的情况下外包我们的大部分思维——和与他人商议。
更新日期:2021-11-18
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