It has been proposed that agency disorders found in schizophrenia rely on aberrant processing of prediction error. Overreactivity to nonpertinent prediction errors may lead to the attribution of one's own actions to an external source. When applied to perception, this could explain hallucinations. However, experiments in motor control or perception have mainly suggested deficient prediction errors. Using a novel approach based on the manipulation of temporal delays, 23 patients with schizophrenia, 18 patients with bipolar disorder, and 22 healthy participants performed a pointing task with a haptic device that provided haptic feedback without or with delays, which were processed consciously (65 ms) or unconsciously (15 ms). The processing of prediction errors was measured via the adaptation of the hand trajectory, that is, the deceleration in anticipation of the surface, and its modulation as a function of recent history (stable or unstable sensory feedback). Agency was evaluated by measuring the participants' feeling of controlling the device. Only patients with schizophrenia reported a decrease in the feeling of control following subliminally delayed haptic feedback and adapted deceleration durations following subliminally delayed haptic feedback. This effect was correlated with positive symptoms. The overreactivity to subliminal delays was present only when delays occurred repeatedly in an unpredictable way, that is, with a volatile distribution. The results suggest that small temporal uncertainties that should be held as negligible, trigger an aberrant overreactivity which could account for hallucinations and alterations of the patients' conscious feeling of control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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潜意识触觉反馈的波动改变了精神分裂症的控制感。

有人提出精神分裂症中发现的代理障碍依赖于预测错误的异常处理。对不相关的预测错误的过度反应可能导致将自己的行为归因于外部来源。当应用于感知时，这可以解释幻觉。然而，运动控制或感知方面的实验主要表明预测错误不足。使用基于操纵时间延迟的新方法，23 名精神分裂症患者、18 名双相情感障碍患者和 22 名健康参与者使用触觉设备执行指点任务，该触觉设备提供无延迟或有延迟的触觉反馈，这些反馈被有意识地处理（65 ms) 或无意识 (15 ms)。预测误差的处理是通过手部轨迹的自适应来衡量的，即，预期表面的减速，以及它作为近期历史（稳定或不稳定的感官反馈）的函数的调制。通过测量参与者控制设备的感觉来评估代理。只有精神分裂症患者报告了在潜意识延迟触觉反馈后控制感下降和在潜意识延迟触觉反馈后适应减速持续时间。这种效果与阳性症状相关。只有当延迟以不可预测的方式反复发生时，即具有不稳定的分布时，才会出现对潜意识延迟的过度反应。结果表明，应该被视为可以忽略不计的小的时间不确定性会引发异常的过度反应，这可能会导致幻觉和患者的 有意识的控制感。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。