This paper focuses on the conflict of norms in the interface between the “transplanted” formal law and the local social norms in the land-law reforms in Vietnam and Myanmar, each representing different legal families, while sharing commonness in that both have attempted law-making in the post-colonial independence period in order to restore the basis of the livelihoods of the local population. Both of the legal concepts of “land-use right” (quyen su dung dat) in Vietnam and “land-use right for cultivation” (loat paing kwint) in Myanmar have been the product of law-makers’ restorative attempts at farmland security, while intentionally avoiding usage of the term “ownership” that would result in the capitalist transaction of land as a commodity. However, the contemporary land-law reforms led by donor-oriented “legal transplant” in these countries have resulted in the plunder of such policy, by reintroducing the same mechanisms of land exploitation as existed in the colonial days. Roaring protests of the local agricultural population seem to be a rising-up of the social norm descended from the immemorial past as an unwritten Constitution to bring an end to the centuries-long movement of “legal transplant” of the modern capitalist law.

中文翻译：

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越南和缅甸的土地法改革：来自亚洲受援国的“法律移植”

本文重点探讨了越南和缅甸土地法改革中“移植”的正式法律与当地社会规范之间的规范冲突，各自代表不同的法律家族，但都有共同点，即两者都尝试过法律——在后殖民独立时期，为了恢复当地居民的生计基础。“土地使用权”的两个法律概念（昆苏东达）在越南和“耕地使用权”（loat paing kwint) 在缅甸是立法者恢复农田安全尝试的产物，同时有意避免使用“所有权”一词，这将导致土地作为商品的资本主义交易。然而，这些国家以捐助者为导向的“法律移植”主导的当代土地法改革导致了这种政策的掠夺，重新引入了与殖民时代相同的土地开发机制。当地农业人口的激烈抗议似乎是自古以来作为不成文宪法的社会规范的兴起，以结束长达数百年的现代资本主义法律“法律移植”运动。