Individualizing drug therapy and attaining maximum benefits of a drug devoid of adverse reactions is the benefit of personalized medicine. One of the important factors contributing to inter-individual variability is genetic polymorphism. As of now, dose titration is the only followed golden standard for implementing personalized medicine. Converting the genotypic data into an optimized dose has become easier now due to technology development. However, for many drugs, finding an individualized dose may not be successful, which further leads to a trial and error approach. These dose titration strategies are generally followed at the clinical level, and so industrial involvement and further standardizations are not feasible. On the other side, technologically driven pharmaceutical industries have multiple smart drug delivery systems which are underutilized towards personalized medicine. Transdisciplinary research with drug delivery science can additionally support the personalization by converting the traditional concept of "dose titration towards personalization" with novel "dose-cum-dosage form modification towards next-generation personalized medicine"; the latter approach is useful to overcome gene-based inter-individual variability by either blocking, to downregulate, or bypassing the biological protein generated by the polymorphic gene. This article elaborates an advanced approach to implementing personalized medicine with the support of novel drug delivery systems. As a case study, we further reviewed the genetic polymorphisms associated with tacrolimus and customized novel drug delivery systems to overcome these challenges factored towards personalized medicine for better clinical outcomes, thereby paving a new strategy for implementing personalized medicine for all other drug candidates.

中文翻译：

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中和与他克莫司免疫抑制剂治疗相关的个体间变异性的理论配方策略：下一代个性化医学的案例研究。

个体化药物治疗并获得没有不良反应的药物的最大益处是个体化医疗的好处。导致个体间变异的重要因素之一是遗传多态性。截至目前，剂量滴定是实施个性化医疗唯一遵循的黄金标准。由于技术的发展，现在将基因型数据转换为优化剂量变得更加容易。然而，对于许多药物来说，找到个体化剂量可能并不成功，这进一步导致了试错法。这些剂量滴定策略通常在临床水平上遵循，因此工业参与和进一步标准化是不可行的。另一方面，技术驱动的制药行业拥有多个智能药物输送系统，这些系统在个性化医疗方面未得到充分利用。药物输送科学的跨学科研究可以通过将传统的“剂量滴定向个性化”概念转变为新颖的“剂量兼剂型向下一代个性化医疗”转变，从而进一步支持个性化；后一种方法可用于通过阻断、下调或绕过多态性基因产生的生物蛋白质来克服基于基因的个体间变异性。本文阐述了一种在新型药物输送系统的支持下实施个性化医疗的先进方法。作为一个案例研究，