Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with multiple comorbidities, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cognitive decline, and T2D patients have a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both DR and AD are characterized by a number of pathological mechanisms that coalesce around the neurovascular unit, including neuroinflammation and degeneration, vascular degeneration, and glial activation. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance also play a significant role, leading to activation of pathological mechanisms such as increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Understanding these common pathways and the degree to which they occur simultaneously in the brain and retina during diabetes will provide avenues to identify T2D patients at risk of cognitive decline.

2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 与多种合并症有关，包括糖尿病性视网膜病变 (DR) 和认知能力下降，而 T2D 患者患阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的风险显着增加。DR 和 AD 都以多种病理机制为特征，这些病理机制在神经血管单元周围融合，包括神经炎症和变性、血管变性和神经胶质激活。慢性高血糖和胰岛素抵抗也起着重要作用，导致病理机制的激活，例如氧化应激增加和晚期糖基化终产物 (AGEs) 的积累。了解这些常见途径以及它们在糖尿病期间在大脑和视网膜中同时发生的程度，将为识别有认知能力下降风险的 T2D 患者提供途径。