Production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from agricultural soil largely depend on soil temperature and moisture. Previous studies regarding the relationships between soil temperature and moisture and GHG emissions mainly considered the upper soil depth and lacked information on the deeper soil depth. Here, we for the first time explored the relationships between hydrothermal conditions at the soil surface to a depth of 100 cm and GHG emissions in a typical winter wheat−summer maize cropping system, and then evaluated yield, crop water productivity (WP), global warming potential (GWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) under four irrigation schedules (W1, pre-sowing irrigation; W2, pre-sowing + jointing irrigation; W3, pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation; W4, pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation). Regardless of the irrigation schedule, the soil acted as a source of GHGs for the wheat−maize system. Small differences in irrigation-related soil temperature were detected, while volumetric soil water content (VSWC) in the different soil depths varied greatly. Soil temperature and VSWC in the 0–100 cm and 0–50 cm soil depths of the wheat−maize system were positively correlated with CO₂ and N₂O fluxes. Soil temperature in the 0–70 cm soil depth positively affected CH₄ flux, whereas positive and negative correlations were observed between VSWC in the 0–40 cm and 50–90 cm soil depths and CH₄ flux, respectively. An improper irrigation period under the W3 treatment lowered crop yield, and excessive irrigation under the W4 treatment caused increased water consumption and GHG emissions. The W2 treatment improved yield by 5.6–6.2% and 2.2–3.1%, increased WP by 5.0–8.1% and 12.8–13.1%, decreased GWP by 2.8–3.1% and 6.0–6.6%, and reduced GHGI by 8.6–9.4% and 9.0–9.2% compared to the W3 and W4 treatments, respectively. This study highlights the importance of the effect of the hydrothermal conditions in different soil depths on GHG emissions and an adequate irrigation schedule for improving yield, saving water, and mitigating GHGs.

农业土壤中温室气体 (GHG) 的产生和消耗在很大程度上取决于土壤温度和湿度。以往关于土壤温度和水分与温室气体排放之间关系的研究主要考虑上层土壤深度，缺乏更深层土壤深度的信息。在这里，我们首次探讨了典型冬小麦-夏玉米种植系统中土壤表面至 100 cm 深度的热液条件与 GHG 排放之间的关系，然后评估了产量、作物水分生产力 (WP)、全球四种灌溉方式下的升温潜能值（GWP）和温室气体强度（GHGI）（W1，播前灌溉；W2，播前+拔节灌溉；W3，播前+花期灌溉；W4，播前+拔节+花期灌溉）。无论灌溉时间表如何，土壤是小麦-玉米系统温室气体的来源。检测到灌溉相关土壤温度的微小差异，而不同土壤深度的土壤体积含水量（VSWC）差异很大。小麦-玉米系统0-100 cm和0-50 cm土壤深度的土壤温度和VSWC与CO呈正相关₂和 N ₂ O 通量。0-70 cm 土壤深度的土壤温度对 CH ₄通量有积极影响，而在 0-40 cm 和 50-90 cm 土壤深度的 VSWC 与 CH ₄之间观察到正相关和负相关通量，分别。W3处理下灌溉时间不当降低了作物产量，W4处理下过度灌溉导致耗水量和温室气体排放增加。W2处理使产量提高5.6-6.2%和2.2-3.1%，WP提高5.0-8.1%和12.8-13.1%，GWP降低2.8-3.1%和6.0-6.6%，GHGI降低8.6-9.4%和 9.0-9.2% 分别与 W3 和 W4 处理相比。本研究强调了不同土壤深度的热液条件对温室气体排放和适当灌溉计划对提高产量、节水和减少温室气体排放的影响的重要性。