Reclaimed surface coal mines afford an opportunity to study initial pedogenic processes. This study sought to determine pedogenic processes active in a topsoiled* surface mine over 25 years. Soils were taken at 108 points from three grids in 1979 (1 year) and 2004 (25 years post-reclamation) across a 20 ha watershed. The upper darkened portion of the replaced soil (^A1, ca. 0–5 cm), lower portion of the replaced soil (^A2, ca. 5–15 cm), and spoil (^2C) were sampled. Exchangeable Ca²⁺ increased from 4.3 cmol_c kg⁻¹ in 1979 to 8.2 cmol_c kg⁻¹ in 2004, and exchangeable Mg²⁺ increased from 2.5 to 3.3 cmol_c kg⁻¹. Soil organic carbon (SOC) increased from 0.59% to 4.05% providing evidence for humification and cycling of basic cations. SOC increases and structural development decreased bulk densities from 1.70 to 0.99 g cm⁻³ in the ^A1 and 1.70 to 1.24 g cm⁻³ in the ^A2. pH decreased in all horizons. In ^2C horizons, total sulfur decreased from 0.39% to 0.13% and electrical conductivity 3.34 dS m⁻¹ to 1.01 dS m⁻¹, indicating probable pyrite oxidation and salt leaching. Soils classified as Anthroportic/Anthrodensic Udorthents, as three representative pedons lacked cambic horizons. Mine soil variograms indicated higher spatial dependency in ^A1 and ^A2 horizons in 2004 than 1979 (decreasing nugget: sill ratios), whereas ^2C horizons had lower spatial dependencies in 2004. This suggests that surface horizons are more influenced by soil forming factors than spoil, which is more influenced by 'random' conditions of reclamation and not in equilibrium.

中文翻译：

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俄亥俄州东南部 25 年矿井土壤的化学、物理时空变化

再生地表煤矿提供了研究初始成土过程的机会。本研究旨在确定 25 年来在表土*露天矿中活跃的成土过程。1979 年（1 年）和 2004 年（复垦后 25 年）在 20 公顷的分水岭上从三个网格中采集了 108 个点的土壤。对替换土壤的上部变暗部分（^A1，约 0-5 厘米）、替换土壤的下部（^A2，约 5-15 厘米）和弃土（^2C）进行采样。交换性Ca ²⁺从1979年的4.3 cmol _c kg ^{-1增加到2004年的8.2 cmol} _c kg ^-1，交换性Mg ²⁺从2.5增加到3.3 cmol _c kg ^-1. 土壤有机碳 (SOC) 从 0.59% 增加到 4.05%，为碱性阳离子的腐殖化和循环提供了证据。SOC 增加和结构发展使 ^A1 中的体积密度从 1.70 降低到 0.99 g cm ^-3 ，^A2 中从 1.70 降低到 1.24 g cm ^-3。各个层面的 pH 值都下降了。在 ^2C 层中，总硫从 0.39% 下降到 0.13%，电导率从 3.34 dS m ^-1下降到 1.01 dS m ^-1，表明可能的黄铁矿氧化和盐浸出。被归类为人类运动/人类居住的 Udorthents 的土壤，因为三个代表性的 pedons 缺乏 cambic 地平线。矿山土壤变异函数表明 2004 年 ^A1 和 ^A2 层位的空间依赖性比 1979 年更高（块金：基台比降低），而 2004 年 ^2C 层位的空间依赖性较低。这表明地表层位受土壤形成因素的影响比 1979 年更大。破坏，它更受“随机”回收条件的影响，而不是处于平衡状态。