Climate warming potentially changes the flowering seasons of terrestrial plants, and thus species interaction, with consequently substantial impacts on ecosystem structure and function. However, the general response patterns of flowering seasons to warming and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, a meta-analysis of data from 26 experimental studies examining 168 species was conducted to quantify the responses of the flowering seasons of terrestrial plants to experimental warming. The results showed that experimental warming prolonged the flowering season by 2.08% across all species included in this study. In addition, flowering season responses were dependent on plant functional types, with a significant extension in herbaceous species (+2.18%) but no change in woody species. The warming impacts on the flowering season of wind-pollinated (-4.53%) and insect-pollinated species (+4.21%) were opposite. Among herbaceous species, the flowering seasons of forb (+4.47%) and specifically legume species (+15.06%) were positive, whereas grass species (-4.53%) showed negative responses to experimental warming. Moreover, experimental warming effects on the flowering season showed quadratic relationships with the latitude and the mean annual temperature but did not change with the mean annual precipitation. The responses of the flowering season to experimental warming also differed in terms of the warming magnitude. These diverse findings indicate the need for additional experimental warming experiments, especially for underrepresented plant functional groups, to better understand the mechanistic relationships between phenology and temperature under future climate warming scenarios.

气候变暖可能会改变陆生植物的开花季节，从而改变物种之间的相互作用，从而对生态系统结构和功能产生重大影响。然而，开花季节对变暖的一般反应模式及其潜在机制仍然知之甚少。在这里，对来自 168 个物种的 26 项实验研究的数据进行了荟萃分析，以量化陆生植物开花季节对实验变暖的反应。结果表明，实验性变暖使本研究中包括的所有物种的开花季节延长了 2.08%。此外，开花季节的反应取决于植物功能类型，草本物种有显着扩展（+2.18%），但木本物种没有变化。气候变暖对风媒（-4.53%）和虫媒（+4.21%）开花季节的影响相反。在草本植物中，杂草（+4.47%）和特别是豆科植物（+15.06%）的开花季节是积极的，而禾本科植物（-4.53%）对实验变暖表现出消极的反应。此外，开花季节的实验增温效应与纬度和年平均气温呈二次关系，但不随年平均降水量变化。开花季节对实验变暖的反应在变暖幅度方面也不同。这些不同的发现表明需要额外的实验升温实验，特别是对于代表性不足的植物功能组，