• Existing global regionalization schemes for plants consider the compositional affinities among biotas, but these have not explicitly considered phylogenetic information. Here, we present for the first time, a phytogeographical delineation of the global vascular flora based on species-level evolutionary relationships.
• We analysed 8737 820 geographical occurrence records for vascular plants together with a time-calibrated phylogeny including 67 269 species. We constructed a global phylogenetic regionalization by estimating species composition and phylogenetic beta diversity among 200 km × 200 km grid cells across the world.
• We identified de novo 16 phytogeographical units that are deeply split into two clusters: Laurasian and Gondwanan. Our regionalization broadly matches previous schemes, but also highlights the separation of the Gondwanan biota into an Holotropical cluster and an Australian–Neozealandic–Patagonian cluster. In contrast, no clear split among Laurasian and Gondwanan biotas was retrieved when omitting phylogenetic information.
• The integration of phylogenetic and geographical information provides new insights into the delineation of phytogeographical areas and their historical relationships, enabling the identification of three large, clearly differentiated biotas, here referred to as kingdoms: Holarctic, Holotropical, and Austral. Our results provide further evidence for delineating transition zones and show a clear latitudinal pattern of increasing evolutionary distinctiveness towards the poles.

中文翻译：

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维管植物的全球系统发育分区揭示了冈瓦纳生物群和劳亚生物群之间的深刻分裂

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  现有的植物全球区域化方案考虑了生物群之间的组成亲和力，但没有明确考虑系统发育信息。在这里，我们首次提出基于物种水平进化关系的全球维管植物区系的植物地理学描述。
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  我们分析了 8737 820 个维管植物的地理发生记录以及包括 67 269 个物种的经过时间校准的系统发育。我们通过估计世界各地 200 km × 200 km 网格单元中的物种组成和系统发育 beta 多样性，构建了全球系统发育分区。
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  我们从头识别了 16 个植物地理单元，这些单元深深地分为两个簇：劳亚植物群和冈瓦南植物群。我们的区域化与之前的方案大致相符，但也强调了冈瓦纳生物群分为全热带生物群和澳大利亚-新新西兰-巴塔哥尼亚生物群。相比之下，当省略系统发育信息时，劳亚生物群和冈瓦纳生物群之间没有明显的区别。
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  系统发育和地理信息的整合为植物地理区域及其历史关系的划分提供了新的见解，从而能够识别三个大型的、明显区分的生物群，这里称为“界”：全北区、全热带区和南方区。我们的结果为描绘过渡区提供了进一步的证据，并显示了向两极增加进化独特性的清晰纬度模式。