The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history^1,2,3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements^4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’^6,7,8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.

跨欧亚语言（即日语、韩语、通古斯语、蒙古语和突厥语）使用者的起源和早期传播是欧亚人口历史上最有争议的问题之一^1,2,3 。一个关键问题是语言传播、农业扩张和人口流动之间的关系^4,5 。在这里，我们通过统一的视角对遗传学、考古学和语言学进行“三角测量”来解决这个问题。我们报告来自这些学科的广泛数据集，包括全面的跨欧亚农牧业和基本词汇；东北亚 255 个新石器时代-青铜时代遗址的考古数据库；以及来自韩国、琉球群岛和日本早期谷物种植者的古代基因组集合，补充了之前发表的东亚基因组。挑战传统的“游牧假设” ^6,7,8 ，我们表明，跨欧亚语言的共同祖先和主要传播可以追溯到新石器时代早期开始穿越东北亚的第一批农民，但这种共同的遗产已经被自青铜时代以来就被广泛的文化互动所掩盖。除了在三个单独的学科中取得了相当大的进展之外，通过结合它们的汇聚证据，我们表明跨欧亚语使用者的早期传播是由农业驱动的。