Oscillating features in the electromagnetic structure of the neutron,Nature Physics

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Oscillating features in the electromagnetic structure of the neutron
Nature Physics ( IF 17.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-11-08 , DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01345-6
M. Ablikim ₁ , X. Cai _{1,

2} , G. F. Cao _{1,

3} , N. Cao _{1,

3} , J. F. Chang _{1,

2} , W. L. Chang _{1,

3} , G. Chen ₁ , H. S. Chen _{1,

3} , M. L. Chen _{1,

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3} , Z. Y. Deng ₁ , J. Dong _{1,

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3} , M. Y. Dong _{1,

2,

3} , J. Fang _{1,

2} , S. S. Fang _{1,

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2} , M. H. Gu _{1,

2} , C. Y. Guan _{1,

3} , K. L. He _{1,

3} , Y. K. Heng _{1,

2,

3} , Z. L. Hou ₁ , H. M. Hu _{1,

3} , T. Hu _{1,

2,

3} , Y. Hu ₁ , Y. P. Huang ₁ , Q. Ji ₁ , X. B. Ji _{1,

3} , X. L. Ji _{1,

2} , X. S. Jiang _{1,

2,

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4} , R. Kiuchi ₁ , M. G. Kurth _{1,

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2} , G. Li ₁ , H. B. Li _{1,

3} , Ke Li ₁ , L. K. Li ₁ , W. D. Li _{1,

3} , W. G. Li ₁ , H. Liang _{1,

2,

3,

5} , L. Z. Liao _{1,

3} , B. J. Liu ₁ , C. X. Liu ₁ , Fang Liu ₁ , H. M. Liu _{1,

3} , Huanhuan Liu ₁ , J. Y. Liu _{1,

3} , K. Liu ₁ , T. Liu _{1,

3} , Z. A. Liu _{1,

2,

3} , X. C. Lou _{1,

2,

3} , J. D. Lu _{1,

3} , J. G. Lu _{1,

2} , X. L. Lu ₁ , Y. Lu ₁ , Y. P. Lu _{1,

2} , X. L. Luo _{1,

2} , H. L. Ma ₁ , M. M. Ma _{1,

3} , Q. M. Ma ₁ , R. Q. Ma _{1,

3} , X. X. Ma _{1,

3} , X. Y. Ma _{1,

2} , Z. P. Mao ₁ , X. H. Mo _{1,

2,

3} , Z. Ning _{1,

2} , Q. Ouyang _{1,

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3} , R. S. Shi _{1,

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2} , W. M. Song _{1,

6} , G. X. Sun ₁ , H. K. Sun ₁ , S. S. Sun _{1,

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2} , L. L. Wang ₁ , Meng Wang _{1,

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3} , Y. Q. Wang ₁ , Z. Wang _{1,

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3} , Z. Y. Wang ₁ , S. P. Wen ₁ , J. F. Wu _{1,

3} , L. H. Wu ₁ , L. J. Wu _{1,

3} , Z. Wu _{1,

2} , S. Y. Xiao ₁ , Y. J. Xiao _{1,

3} , Y. G. Xie _{1,

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3} , M. Ye _{1,

2} , J. H. Yin ₁ , B. X. Yu _{1,

2,

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15} , F. Bianchi _{14,

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15} , M. Greco _{14,

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15} , S. Marcello _{14,

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15} , W. S. Cheng ₁₅ , F. Cossio ₁₅ , L. Fava _{15,

16} , S. Lusso ₁₅ , A. Rivetti ₁₅ , M. Rolo ₁₅ , Q. An _{2,

5} , C. Q. Feng _{2,

5} , Yang Gao _{2,

5} , G. S. Huang _{2,

5} , M. Irshad _{2,

5} , Z. H. Lei _{2,

5} , Cheng Li _{2,

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4,

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5} , W. M. Liu _{2,

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5} , V. Prasad _{2,

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5} , H. S. Sang ₅ , X. Y. Shan _{2,

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5} , W. P. Wang _{2,

5} , Yue Wang _{2,

5} , L. Xia _{2,

5} , W. B. Yan _{2,

5} , R. X. Yang _{2,

5} , H. Zhang ₅ , Y. T. Zhang _{2,

5} , Yan Zhang _{2,

5} , Lei Zhao _{2,

5} , Z. G. Zhao _{2,

5} , X. R. Zhou _{2,

5} , Y. C. Zhu _{2,

5} , Anita Lavania ₁₇ , J. Libby ₁₇ , K. Ravindran ₁₇ , X. H. Bai ₁₈ , Y. Jin ₁₈ , Z. X. Meng ₁₈ , Y. Bai ₁₉ , O. Bakina ₂₀ , I. Boyko ₂₀ , G. Chelkov ₂₀ , D. Dedovich ₂₀ , I. Denysenko ₂₀ , A. Guskov ₂₀ , Y. Nefedov ₂₀ , A. Sarantsev ₂₀ , A. Zhemchugov ₂₀ , R. B. Ferroli ₂₁ , M. Bertani ₂₁ , A. Calcaterra ₂₁ , G. Felici ₂₁ , P. Patteri ₂₁ , I. Balossino ₂₂ , D. Bettoni ₂₂ , G. Cibinetto ₂₂ , R. Farinelli ₂₂ , I. Garzia _{22,

23} , G. Mezzadri ₂₂ , M. Scodeggio ₂₂ , Y. Ban ₂₄ , Yuanning Gao ₂₄ , Z. Huang ₂₄ , Y. J. Mao ₂₄ , Y. X. Song ₂₄ , D. Y. Wang ₂₄ , M. Z. Wang ₂₄ , X. Wang ₂₄ , X. H. Xie ₂₄ , X. Q. Yuan ₂₄ , Y. Zheng ₂₄ , J. Bloms ₂₅ , N. Huesken ₂₅ , A. Khoukaz ₂₅ , M. Rump ₂₅ , F. Weidner ₂₅ , R. A. Briere ₂₆ , H. Cai ₂₇ , X. Dong ₂₇ , K. X. Su ₂₇ , L. Sun ₂₇ , Y. H. Tan ₂₇ , W. H. Wang ₂₇ , Z. Y. Zhang ₂₇ , X. Zhou ₂₇ , Y. R. Hou ₃ , Q. Liu ₃ , X. R. Lyu ₃ , R. T. Ma ₃ , S. L. Olsen ₃ , W.-B. Qian ₃ , C. F. Qiao ₃ , S. L. Yang ₃ , Y. H. Zheng ₃ , X. K. Zhou ₃ , S. A. Cetin ₂₈ , O. B. Kolcu ₂₈ , A. Yuncu ₂₈ , D. Y. Chen ₂₉ , Y. G. Gao ₂₉ , Feng Liu ₂₉ , Ke Liu ₂₉ , Y. J. Mo ₂₉ , Y. H. Xie ₂₉ , Z. H. Zhang ₂₉ , S. J. Chen ₃₀ , L. M. Gu ₃₀ , S. Jin ₃₀ , T. J. Min ₃₀ , M. Qi ₃₀ , C. W. Wang ₃₀ , J. J. Xu ₃₀ , Y. H. Yang ₃₀ , Lei Zhang ₃₀ , S. F. Zhang ₃₀ , X. R. Chen ₃₁ , Y. T. Liang ₃₁ , K. H. Qi ₃₁ , Z. Yang ₃₁ , Y. X. Zhao ₃₁ , Z. J. Chen ₃₂ , X. Sun ₃₂ , J. S. Yu ₃₂ , Y. Zeng ₃₂ , X. F. Cui ₃₃ , C. Dong ₃₃ , L. Gong ₃₃ , X. Y. Jiang ₃₃ , Y. B. Liu ₃₃ , X. N. Ma ₃₃ , S. Q. Qu ₃₃ , P. X. Shen ₃₃ , C. X. Yu ₃₃ , M. G. Zhao ₃₃ , J. Zhu ₃₃ , W. J. Zhu ₃₃ , Y. Ding ₃₄ , X. S. Kang ₃₄ , K. Y. Liu ₃₄ , F. C. Ma ₃₄ , S. X. Du ₃₅ , D. M. Li ₃₅ , W. C. Yan ₃₅ , S. J. Zhao ₃₅ , Ya Gao ₃₆ , L. Q. Huang ₃₆ , T. Yu ₃₆ , B. Zheng ₃₆ , C. Zhong ₃₆ , E. M. Gersabeck ₃₇ , J. J. Lane ₃₇ , Y. Pan ₃₇ , D. J. White ₃₇ , A. Gilman ₃₈ , H. Muramatsu ₃₈ , R. Poling ₃₈ , K. Goetzen ₃₉ , M. Himmelreich ₃₉ , R. Kliemt ₃₉ , S. Nakhoul ₃₉ , F. Nerling ₃₉ , K. Peters ₃₉ , S. Gu ₄₀ , T. Y. Qi _{40,

41} , L. Yuan ₄₀ , Y. T. Gu ₄₂ , H. B. Liu ₄₂ , A. Q. Guo ₄₃ , W. Imoehl ₄₃ , R. E. Mitchell ₄₃ , L. B. Guo ₄₄ , C. L. Luo ₄₄ , J. L. Ping ₄₄ , W. Y. Sun ₄₄ , Z. J. Xiao ₄₄ , B. Zhong ₄₄ , R. P. Guo ₄₅ , Y. P. Guo ₄₁ , H. J. Li ₄₁ , M. H. Liu ₄₁ , T. Luo ₄₁ , X. Pan ₄₁ , C. P. Shen ₄₁ , X. L. Wang ₄₁ , X. Wu ₄₁ , H. Xiao ₄₁ , F. Yan ₄₁ , L. Yan ₄₁ , Yi Zhang ₄₁ , T. T. Han ₇ , X. T. Huang ₇ , H. B. Jiang ₇ , J. B. Jiao ₇ , J. L. Li ₇ , X. L. Li ₇ , Z. Q. Liu ₇ , L. L. Ma ₇ , F. F. Sui ₇ , X. Y. Zhang ₇ , X. Q. Hao ₄₆ , Q. P. Ji ₄₆ , F. X. Lu ₄₆ , J. F. Sun ₄₆ , G. Zhang ₄₆ , F. A. Harris ₄₇ , C. Herold ₄₈ , J. F. Hu ₄₉ , H. N. Li ₄₉ , T. Hussain ₅₀ , Q. A. Malik ₅₀ , K. H. Rashid ₅₀ , A. A. Zafar ₅₀ , Z. Jiao ₅₁ , H. J. Lu ₅₁ , N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki ₅₂ , R. Kappert ₅₂ , M. Kavatsyuk ₅₂ , J. G. Messchendorp ₅₂ , V. Rodin ₅₂ , L. Yang ₄ , J. J. Zhang ₄ , L. Koch ₅₃ , W. Kühn ₅₃ , J. S. Lange ₅₃ , C. Li ₅₄ , C. H. Li ₅₅ , C. X. Yue ₅₅ , J. Zhao ₅₅ , Lei Li ₅₆ , P. R. Li ₅₇ , X. Liu ₅₇ , X. F. Wang ₅₇ , S. Y. Li ₅₈ , H. R. Qi ₅₈ , X. L. Zhu ₅₈ , Z. Y. Li ₅₉ , C. X. Lin ₅₉ , P. W. Luo ₅₉ , Z. Qian ₅₉ , J. Tang ₅₉ , Ying Wang ₅₉ , Z. Y. You ₅₉ , Z. Y. Yuan ₅₉ , H. H. Zhang ₅₉ , S. Zhang ₅₉ , Y. F. Liang ₆₀ , C. J. Tang ₆₀ , F. H. Liu ₆₁ , Huihui Liu ₆₂ , S. Liu ₆₃ , D. C. Shan ₆₃ , X. P. Xu ₆₃ , X. Yan ₆₃ , M. X. Luo ₆₄ , S. Malde ₈ , G. Wilkinson ₈ , A. Mangoni ₆₅ , S. Pacetti _{65,

66} , S. Nisar ₆₇ , L. Q. Qin ₆₈ , D. H. Wei ₆₈ , Y. X. Yang ₆₈ , W. Shan ₆₉ , I. Uman ₇₀ , Y. D. Wang ₇₁ , X. D. Zhang ₇₁ , Q. J. Xu ₇₂ , H. J. Yang ₇₃ , M. H. Ye ₇₄ , J. L. Zhang ₇₅ , S. H. Zhu ₇₆

Affiliation

Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, People’s Republic of China
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
G.I. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
University of Turin, Turin, Italy
INFN, Turin, Italy
University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
University of Jinan, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
Liaoning University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
Beihang University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People’s Republic of China
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Huangshan College, Huangshan, People’s Republic of China
KVI-CART, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, II. Physikalisches Institut, Giessen, Germany
Qufu Normal University, Qufu, People’s Republic of China
Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People’s Republic of China
Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
INFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China
Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin, Turkey
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, People’s Republic of China
University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, People’s Republic of China

The complicated structure of the neutron cannot be calculated using first-principles calculations due to the large colour charge of quarks and the self-interaction of gluons. Its simplest structure observables are the electromagnetic form factors¹, which probe our understanding of the strong interaction. Until now, a small amount of data has been available for the determination of the neutron structure from the time-like kinematical range. Here we present measurements of the Born cross section of electron–positron annihilation reactions into a neutron and anti-neutron pair, and determine the neutron’s effective form factor. The data were recorded with the BESIII experiment at centre-of-mass energies between 2.00 and 3.08 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 647.9 pb⁻¹. Our results improve the statistics on the neutron form factor by more than a factor of 60 over previous measurements, demonstrating that the neutron form factor data from annihilation in the time-like regime is on par with that from electron scattering experiments. The effective form factor of the neutron shows a periodic behaviour, similar to earlier observations of the proton form factor. Future works—both theoretical and experimental—will help illuminate the origin of this oscillation of the electromagnetic structure observables of the nucleon.

中文翻译：

中子电磁结构中的振荡特征

由于夸克的大色荷和胶子的自相互作用，中子的复杂结构无法用第一性原理计算。其最简单的结构观测是电磁形式因子¹，它探索了我们对强相互作用的理解。到目前为止，已经有少量数据可用于从类时运动范围确定中子结构。在这里，我们展示了电子-正电子湮没反应成中子和反中子对的玻恩截面的测量结果，并确定了中子的有效形状因子。数据是通过 BESIII 实验在 2.00 和 3.08 GeV 之间的质心能量下使用 647.9 pb ^{-1的综合光度记录的}. 我们的结果将中子形状因子的统计数据比以前的测量值提高了 60 多倍，这表明在类时间状态下湮灭的中子形状因子数据与电子散射实验的数据相当。中子的有效形状因子表现出周期性行为，类似于早期对质子形状因子的观察。未来的工作——无论是理论的还是实验的——都将有助于阐明核子的可观测电磁结构振荡的起源。

更新日期：2021-11-08

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