Tobacco, one of the most significant nonfood crops, is critical to agriculture worldwide. The tobacco processing business creates a significant amount of hazardous tobacco waste containing nicotine, and only a tiny portion of it gets recycled. Nicotine, the primary component of tobacco products such as cigarettes, is an alkaloid and can be used as an insecticide. This research aims to extract nicotine from discarded cigarette butts and utilize it as an insecticide. Extraction, emulsification, and efficiency testing on cabbage aphids are all part of the procedure. The initial extraction tests used a solvent combination of ethanol and methanol in various ratios, with a 3 : 1 ratio yielding the best results. Temperature (30–60^°C), extraction length (4–6 hrs), and sodium hydroxide concentration (1–3 M) are the independent variables studied for extraction parameters, and the optimal conditions are determined using Design-Expert, response surface approach central composite design (RSM-CCD). In addition, artificial neural network (ANN) studies with MATLAB were used to accurately forecast extraction yield. The extracted product was evaluated using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a UV/visible spectrophotometer. The ideal crude extract yield and nicotine content were 17.75 and 3.26%, respectively, at the optimal conditions of temperature 60^°C, time 4 hrs, and NaOH concentration 2.83 M with desirability of 0.832. The nicotine extracted was emulsified by combining the crude extract with a combination of palm oil and surfactants. Density, viscosity, pH, flash point, and surface tension of the emulsified concentration were measured and reported as 1.01 ± 0.01 g/ml, 585.33 ± 2.52 mPa s, 9.37 ± 0.03, 87.96 C, and 34.10 mN/m, respectively. On the cabbage aphid, the emulsified concentrated extract performed best at a ratio of 1 : 100 (emulsified concentrated to solvent).

中文翻译：

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从香烟废物中生产生物杀虫剂

烟草是最重要的非粮食作物之一，对全世界的农业至关重要。烟草加工业务产生了大量含有尼古丁的有害烟草废物，其中只有一小部分被回收利用。尼古丁是香烟等烟草产品的主要成分，是一种生物碱，可用作杀虫剂。本研究旨在从丢弃的烟蒂中提取尼古丁并将其用作杀虫剂。对卷心菜蚜虫的提取、乳化和效率测试都是该过程的一部分。最初的提取测试使用了不同比例的乙醇和甲醇的溶剂组合，3:1 的比例产生了最好的结果。温度 (30–60 ^°C)、提取长度（4-6 小时）和氢氧化钠浓度（1-3 M）是研究提取参数的自变量，最佳条件是使用 Design-Expert、响应面方法中心复合设计 (RSM) 确定的-CCD）。此外，使用 MATLAB 的人工神经网络 (ANN) 研究用于准确预测提取率。使用气相色谱-质谱法 (GC-MS) 和紫外/可见分光光度计评估提取的产物。理想的粗提物得率和尼古丁含量分别为17.75%和3.26%，最佳温度为60 ^°C，时间为 4 小时，NaOH 浓度为 2.83 M，合意性为 0.832。通过将粗提取物与棕榈油和表面活性剂的组合相结合，使提取的尼古丁乳化。测量乳化浓度的密度、粘度、pH、闪点和表面张力，分别报告为 1.01 ± 0.01 g/ml、585.33 ± 2.52 mPa s、9.37 ± 0.03、87.96 C 和 34.10 mN/m。在甘蓝蚜虫上，乳化浓缩提取物在 1:100（乳化浓缩与溶剂）的比例下表现最佳。