Abstract

Background:

Residential moves (displacement) owing to climate- and weather-related disasters may significantly impact mental health. Despite the growing risk from climate change, health impacts of environmental-mobility remain understudied.

Objectives:

We assessed the effects of displacement on the association between landslides and changes in perceived mental well-being in Banjarnegara, Indonesia. We also investigated whether sociodemographics (age, sex, level of education, household-level income, or employment in agriculture) and landslide characteristics (number and severity of landslides) were associated with differing odds of relocation after experiencing landslides.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 420 individuals who experienced landslides between 2014 and 2018 to assess perceived changes in mental well-being, comparing after landslide exposure to before landslide exposure. We used a novel six-item measure that was created in collaboration with the local community to compare perceived changes between those who were displaced by landslides and those who were not displaced, using logistic and multinomial regressions adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. We then assessed whether the odds of displacement differed based on sociodemographic characteristics and landslide exposure characteristics, using logistic regressions.

Results:

Those who were displaced were more likely than those who were not displaced to report perceived increases in economic stability [$\text{odds ratio\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{OR}\right)=3.06$; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45, 6.46], optimism ($\text{OR}=4.01$; 95% CI: 1.87, 8.61), safety ($\text{OR}=2.71$; 95% CI: 1.44, 5.10), religiosity ($\text{OR}=1.92$; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.65), and closeness with community ($\text{OR}=1.90$; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.33) after landslides compared with before their first landslide during the study period. More frequent landslide exposures were associated with reduced odds of relocation, but more severe landslides were associated with increased odds of relocation.

Discussion:

These findings suggest that landslides affect the mental well-being not only of those who are displaced but also of those who are left behind. Further, this work supports the need for community-based participatory research to fully capture the health impacts of environmental mobility. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9391

中文翻译：

---

印度尼西亚 Banjarnegara 的环境流离失所和心理健康

摘要

背景：

由于气候和天气相关的灾害而导致的住宅搬迁（流离失所）可能会对心理健康产生重大影响。尽管气候变化带来的风险越来越大，但环境流动性对健康的影响仍未得到充分研究。

目标：

我们评估了印度尼西亚班贾内加拉地区流离失所对山体滑坡与感知心理健康变化之间关系的影响。我们还调查了社会人口学（年龄、性别、教育水平、家庭收入或农业就业）和滑坡特征（滑坡的数量和严重程度）是否与经历滑坡后不同的搬迁几率有关。

方法：

在这项横断面研究中，我们调查了 2014 年至 2018 年间经历过山体滑坡的 420 名个人，以评估他们感知到的心理健康变化，并比较了滑坡暴露后和滑坡暴露前的情况。我们使用了一种与当地社区合作创建的新的六项测量方法，使用针对社会人口特征进行调整的逻辑回归和多项回归来比较因山体滑坡而流离失所的人和未流离失所的人之间的感知变化。然后，我们使用逻辑回归评估了基于社会人口特征和滑坡暴露特征的流离失所几率是否不同。

结果：

那些流离失所的人比那些没有流离失所的人更有可能报告认为经济稳定性有所提高[$\text{优势比\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\text{要么}\right)=3.06$; 95% 置信区间 (CI): 1.45, 6.46], 乐观 ($\text{要么}=4.01$; 95% CI：1.87, 8.61），安全性（$\text{要么}=2.71$; 95% CI: 1.44, 5.10), 宗教信仰 ($\text{要么}=1.92$; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.65)，与社区的亲密度 ($\text{要么}=1.90$; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.33) 滑坡后与研究期间第一次滑坡前的比较。更频繁的滑坡暴露与降低搬迁几率有关，但更严重的滑坡与搬迁几率增加有关。

讨论：

这些发现表明，山体滑坡不仅会影响流离失所者的心理健康，还会影响那些被抛在后面的人的心理健康。此外，这项工作支持以社区为基础的参与式研究，以充分捕捉环境流动性对健康的影响。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9391