Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers) in the atmosphere is associated with severe negative impacts on human health, and the gases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia are the main PM_2.5 precursors. However, their contribution to global health impacts has not yet been analyzed. Here, we show that nitrogen accounted for 39% of global PM_2.5 exposure in 2013, increasing from 30% in 1990 with rising reactive nitrogen emissions and successful controls on sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen emissions to air caused an estimated 23.3 million years of life lost in 2013, corresponding to an annual welfare loss of 420 billion United States dollars for premature death. The marginal abatement cost of ammonia emission is only 10% that of nitrogen oxides emission globally, highlighting the priority for ammonia reduction.

中文翻译：

---

在减轻 PM2.5 空气污染方面，减少氨气比氮氧化物更具成本效益

大气中的细颗粒物（PM _2.5，质量中值空气动力学直径小于 2.5 微米的颗粒）对人体健康具有严重的负面影响，而二氧化硫、氮氧化物和氨气是主要的 PM _2.5前体物. 然而，尚未分析它们对全球健康影响的贡献。在这里，我们显示氮占全球 PM _{2.5的 39%}随着活性氮排放量的增加和二氧化硫的成功控制，2013 年的暴露量从 1990 年的 30% 增加。2013 年，向空气排放的氮估计造成 2330 万年的生命损失，相当于每年因过早死亡而造成的 4200 亿美元福利损失。氨排放的边际减排成本仅为全球氮氧化物排放的10%，凸显了氨减排的优先性。