Skilled motor performance is essential in sports, the performing arts, various occupations, and many daily activities. Scientists and practitioners alike are therefore interested in understanding the conditions that influence the performance and learning of movement skills, and how they can be utilized to optimize training. In OPTIMAL theory, three motivational and attentional factors are key: enhanced expectancies for future performance, the performer’s autonomy, and an external focus of attention. We review recent evidence suggesting that each factor contributes independently to strengthen the coupling of goals to actions. This work has implications ranging from fostering more effective skill development in novice learners, to increasing the efficiency of athletes’ and musicians’ performance, and to facilitating the success of patients in regaining functional capabilities.

熟练的运动表现在体育、表演艺术、各种职业和许多日常活动中都是必不可少的。因此，科学家和从业者都对了解影响运动技能表现和学习的条件以及如何利用它们来优化训练感兴趣。在 OPTIMAL 理论中，三个动机和注意力因素是关键：对未来表现的更高期望、表演者的自主性和注意力的外部焦点。我们回顾了最近的证据，表明每个因素都独立地有助于加强目标与行动的耦合。这项工作的意义包括促进新手学习者更有效的技能发展，提高运动员和音乐家的表现效率，