The article presents the results of magnetic and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) research carried out in Old Dongola in northern Sudan in 2018 and 2020, within the framework of a project designed to investigate the transition from Christianity to Islam taking place in the capital of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria. The integrated datasets from the application of two geophysical methods, of which one is the standard magnetic method used on sites in the Nile Valley and the other ground-penetrating radar, enhanced the archaeological interpretation, focused in this case on a reconstruction of the urban layout of the 16th–18th-century Funj settlement within the walls of the Dongola Citadel. The magnetic method, the effectiveness of which has gone unquestioned with regard to the study of silt architecture in the Nile valley, was successful in mapping the general outline of the settlement on the Citadel hill and in the quarter north of the walls. The GPR survey (450-MHz antenna) provided a much more detailed image of the street grid and was much more effective than the magnetic method in tracing the course of mud-brick walls in a sandy matrix containing baked brick rubble. Verification of the geophysical results through the excavation of selected parts of the Citadel not only satisfied the objectives of the archaeological project, which was to establish the overall street and building layout in the research area, but also confirmed the effectiveness of the two prospection methods applied in combination and the potential of integrated research with the use of the GPR and magnetic methods for the study of mud-brick and baked brick architecture on settlement sites in Sudan.

中文翻译：

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揭示苏丹黑暗时代：Funj 时期（16 至 19 世纪）城邦老东戈拉的地球物理研究

本文介绍了 2018 年和 2020 年在苏丹北部老东戈拉进行的磁力和探地雷达 (GPR) 研究结果，该研究旨在调查在苏丹首都发生的从基督教到伊斯兰教的转变。努比亚马库里亚王国。应用两种地球物理方法的综合数据集，其中一种是尼罗河谷遗址使用的标准磁法，另一种是探地雷达，增强了考古解释，在本案例中侧重于城市布局的重建Dongola Citadel 城墙内的 16 至 18 世纪 Funj 定居点。磁性方法，其有效性在尼罗河谷淤泥结构的研究中毫无疑问，成功地绘制了城堡山上和城墙以北四分之一的定居点的总体轮廓。探地雷达勘测（450-MHz 天线）提供了更详细的街道网格图像，并且在追踪含有烤砖碎石的沙质基质中的泥砖墙的路线方面比磁力方法更有效。通过挖掘城堡的选定部分来验证地球物理结果不仅满足了考古项目的目标，即建立研究区的整体街道和建筑布局，