Impact of hydrology-associated deformation spans from the study of the rock hydrological properties and aquifer dynamics to the identification of geological disaster precursors. We analyze a comprehensive set of hydrology-associated deformation signals, recorded by two underground 70 m long strainmeters (GAL16 and LAB780) operating under the Central Pyrenees (Spain) from the end of 2011 to the end of 2018. The two strainmeters measure extensional strain at the picostrain (10⁻¹²) level along two nearly orthogonal horizontal directions. Sign (compression or extension along any of the two directions), size, and time evolution of hydrology-associated deformation vary considerably from season to season. We identify four classes of signals, related to summer rainfalls (producing compression along both GAL16 and LAB780), late-spring and autumn rainfalls (producing extension along GAL16 and compression along LAB780), snow melting (producing opposite diurnal cycles along GAL16 and LAB780), and winter snowfalls (producing extension along both GAL16 and LAB780). Similar precipitations of the same class can give rise to differently sized signals; differences may be due to infiltration and/or surface load inhomogeneities as well as to complexities of the underground hydrogeological set up, which can lead to nonlinear, intrinsically time-dependent, responses. Our modeling sheds light on the diverse effects associated with different environmental conditions. The variety of hydrology-associated deformation we report is warning for the interpretation of all kinds of deformation data, as for their difficult modeling, the causative physical mechanisms, and the extreme care that is needed when removing hydrologically induced effects. Our insights are particularly useful in mountain areas.

中文翻译：

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同一地点降水和变形之间的不同耦合：中央比利牛斯山脉的案例研究（西班牙）

水文相关变形的影响涵盖从岩石水文特性和含水层动力学的研究到地质灾害前兆的识别。我们分析了 2011 年底至 2018 年底在中央比利牛斯山脉（西班牙）下运行的两个地下 70 m 长应变仪（GAL16 和 LAB780）记录的一组综合水文相关变形信号。这两个应变仪测量拉伸应变在皮应变 (10 ^-12) 沿两个几乎正交的水平方向水平。水文相关变形的符号（沿两个方向中的任何一个方向压缩或延伸）、大小和时间演变随季节变化很大。我们确定了四类信号，与夏季降雨（沿 GAL16 和 LAB780 产生压缩）、晚春和秋季降雨（沿 GAL16 产生延伸和沿 LAB780 压缩）、融雪（沿 GAL16 和 LAB780 产生相反的昼夜循环）相关和冬季降雪（沿 GAL16 和 LAB780 产生延伸）。同一类的类似降水可以产生不同大小的信号；差异可能是由于渗透和/或表面载荷的不均匀性以及地下水文地质设置的复杂性，这可能导致非线性，本质上与时间相关的响应。我们的建模揭示了与不同环境条件相关的各种影响。我们报告的各种与水文相关的变形对各种变形数据的解释提出了警告，因为它们的建模困难、物理机制以及在消除水文诱发影响时需要格外小心。我们的见解在山区特别有用。在消除水文诱发的影响时需要格外小心。我们的见解在山区特别有用。在消除水文诱发的影响时需要格外小心。我们的见解在山区特别有用。