Transmural intestinal fibrosis involving the mesenteric fat is a prominent feature of Crohn’s disease (CD) eliciting painful complications such as stenosis and fistulas of the intestine which are well-known since the pathological and clinical entity of CD was characterised by Burrill Bernard Crohn.1 However, although the armamentarium of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapies has substantially expanded—for example, by the introduction of antibodies and small molecules targeting immune cells and inflammatory pathways—there are still no anti-fibrotic medical therapeutics available in clinical practice of patient with IBD care. In fact, key elements of transmural intestinal fibrosis directed therapy are still limited to endoscopic balloon dilatation or surgical resection. Although the major clinical need is evident, some issues make studies addressing transmural intestinal fibrosis particularly difficult, for example, tissue analysis for cellular and molecular characterisations usually needs prior surgery. Moreover, clinical studies of intestinal fibrosis have remained challenging, for example, because the symptoms and individual disease burden associated with fibrosis can be highly variable, and methods to monitor reliably the degree of fibrosis in serial analyses are still restricted. Recent efforts to define standardised treatment targets and to establish a consented histopathological scoring system are important steps which could aid more successful clinical trials and drug development within this field of exceptional relevance.2 3 In addition to the challenges of fibrosis research in humans, preclinical studies are confined by the limitations of the model systems at hand. There are several in vivo systems currently available such as sporadic, chemically-induced or microbial-based models of intestinal fibrosis which all have specific pros and cons related to the triggers of fibrosis induction. However, a major constraint of all of the …

中文翻译：

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男性和小鼠的透壁性肠纤维化

涉及肠系膜脂肪的透壁性肠纤维化是克罗恩病 (CD) 的一个突出特征，它会引发痛苦的并发症，例如肠道狭窄和瘘管，这是众所周知的，因为 Burrill Bernard Crohn 对 CD 的病理和临床实体进行了描述。 1 然而，尽管炎症性肠病 (IBD) 疗法的设备已经大大扩展——例如，通过引入针对免疫细胞和炎症通路的抗体和小分子——但在患有炎症性肠病的患者的临床实践中仍然没有可用的抗纤维化药物疗法。 IBD 护理。事实上，经壁肠纤维化定向治疗的关键要素仍仅限于内镜球囊扩张或手术切除。尽管主要的临床需求是显而易见的，一些问题使得研究透壁性肠纤维化变得特别困难，例如，细胞和分子特征的组织分析通常需要事先手术。此外，肠纤维化的临床研究仍然具有挑战性，例如，因为与纤维化相关的症状和个体疾病负担可能是高度可变的，并且在连续分析中可靠监测纤维化程度的方法仍然受到限制。最近定义标准化治疗目标和建立一致同意的组织病理学评分系统的努力是重要的步骤，可以帮助该领域内更成功的临床试验和药物开发。 2 3 除了人类纤维化研究的挑战，临床前研究受到手头模型系统的限制。目前有几种可用的体内系统，例如偶发的、化学诱导的或基于微生物的肠纤维化模型，它们都具有与纤维化诱导的触发因素相关的特定优点和缺点。然而，所有的一个主要限制...