Over 50 years of the Green Revolution since the 1960s, the global population has increased by 2.5 times, cereal production by 3.3 times and the use of N, P and K fertilisers by 9.4, 4.2 and 4.3 times, respectively. Information is still limited, however, on the influence of these impacts on the fertility status of agricultural soils. Here we investigated the influence of the Green Revolution on 142 paddy soils in three tropical Asian countries, that is, Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, during the given period by repeated soil sampling in the 1960s and 2010s at or near the same locations. We revealed that the phytoavailablility indices of three macronutrients – N, P and K, that is, available P, exchangeable K and total N, showed 743% (p < 0.01), 12% and 1% increase on average, respectively, while total C showed 9% decline. Comprehensive investigation of overall fertility status by factor analysis using 11 soil parameters suggested that only the factor scores associated with ‘available P status’ increased drastically in all the three countries (p < 0.01) whereas those associated with ‘organic matter and N contents’ and ‘inherent potentiality’ did not exhibit any consistent changes among the countries. In conclusion, intensive soil/fertiliser management systems under the Green Revolution have successfully improved the nutrient status, especially P status, of paddy soils with slight decrease of soil organic matter over the last 50 years, while a large amount of nutrients applied, especially N and K, has been released from soil to the outer environments. Conversion to a high-efficiency system of external nutrient inputs with organic matter-conserving strategies is, therefore, urgently required to secure sustainable food production while restoring the environment during the coming decades.

中文翻译：

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绿色革命 50 年后亚洲热带稻田土壤肥力的长期变化

自 1960 年代以来，经过 50 多年的绿色革命，全球人口增加了 2.5 倍，谷物产量增加了 3.3 倍，氮、磷和钾肥的使用量分别增加了 9.4、4.2 和 4.3 倍。然而，关于这些影响对农业土壤肥力状况的影响的信息仍然有限。在这里，我们通过 1960 年代和 2010 年代在相同地点或附近的重复土壤采样，调查了绿色革命对三个热带亚洲国家（即泰国、菲律宾和马来西亚）在特定时期内的 142 块稻田土壤的影响。我们揭示了三种常量营养素 N、P 和 K 的植物有效性指数，即有效 P、交换性 K 和总 N，显示为 743% ( p < 0.01)，平均分别增加 12% 和 1%，而总 C 下降 9%。通过使用 11 个土壤参数进行因子分析对总体肥力状况的综合调查表明，只有与“可用 P 状态”相关的因子得分在所有三个国家都急剧增加（p < 0.01）而与“有机物和氮含量”和“内在潜力”相关的那些在各国之间没有表现出任何一致的变化。总之，绿色革命下的集约化土壤/肥料管理系统在过去 50 年中成功地改善了水稻土的养分状况，尤其是 P 状况，土壤有机质略有下降，而大量的养分，尤其是 N和 K，已从土壤释放到外部环境。因此，迫切需要转换为具有有机物保护策略的外部营养输入的高效系统，以在未来几十年内确保可持续的粮食生产，同时恢复环境。