Lake sediment archives from Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude regions provide invaluable records of late Quaternary environmental change. Here, changes in depositional environment over the past ca. 53,000 years were reconstructed using a range of physical, sedimentological, geochemical, and μ-XRF elemental proxy datasets analyzed from lake sediment cores obtained from Lake Kanono, Northland, New Zealand. The Lake Kanono stratigraphy displays a terrestrial peat environment (ca. 53,700–6,670 cal yr BP), followed by a trend of increased influx of detrital sediment during the Late Glacial–Interglacial Transition (LGIT) at ca. 14,000 cal yr BP with a peak from ca. 12,000 to 9,000 cal yr BP driven by increasingly dry conditions. The increase in sediment influx continued during the early to mid-Holocene, leading to dune reactivation which altered the catchment dynamics of the region, leading to the inception of a shallow lake basin at ca. 6,670 cal yr BP. The timing of the formation of this lake basin can be associated with changes in intensity of the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) and the appearance and increase in intensity of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) after ca. 7,500–7,000 cal yr BP (Moy et al. 2002; Moreno et al. 2018). Drier conditions peaked from ca. 4,000 to 2,400 cal yr BP, possibly culminating in decreased lake levels that persisted from ca. 2,400 to 2,210 cal yr BP, renewed dune accumulation, and blocked stream outlets, resulting in a deep lake basin with thermal stratification that persisted to the present. Cluster analysis of the μ-XRF data demonstrates that the most prominent change in chemistry is near the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at ca. 26,700 cal yr BP associated with a transition to a drier, windier climate. The second most prominent change in the μ-XRF data is during the Polynesian phase of human settlement at ca. 612–575 cal yr BP (1338– 1375 CE). Hence, we can demonstrate the utility and power of a multi-proxy approach coupled with μ-XRF element data to interpret changing sediment sources to a lake basin. Such an approach allows rapid and reliable evaluation of catchment processes influenced by climate events and land-use changes at a resolution not available using other approaches.

中文翻译：

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新西兰北地卡诺诺湖沉积物中过去 53,000 年环境变化的多重代理记录

来自南半球中纬度地区的湖泊沉积物档案提供了晚第四纪环境变化的宝贵记录。在这里，过去大约沉积环境的变化。使用一系列物理、沉积学、地球化学和 μ-XRF 元素代用数据集重建了 53,000 年，这些数据是从新西兰北地卡诺诺湖的湖泊沉积物岩芯中分析出来的。卡诺诺湖地层显示陆地泥炭环境（约 53,700-6,670 cal yr BP），随后在约 14,000 cal yr BP，峰值来自约。12,000 到 9,000 cal yr BP 由日益干燥的条件驱动。沉积物流入量在全新世早期至中期持续增加，导致沙丘重新激活，从而改变了该地区的集水动态，导致在约 6,670 cal yr BP。该湖盆形成的时间可能与南部西风 (SWW) 强度的变化以及大约 10 年后厄尔尼诺南方涛动 (ENSO) 的出现和强度增加有关。7,500–7,000 cal yr BP (Moy et al. 2002; Moreno et al. 2018)。干燥条件从大约 4,000 到 2,400 cal yr BP，可能最终导致湖泊水位从大约 2,400 至 2,210 cal yr BP，重新堆积沙丘，堵塞河流出口，导致深湖盆地，热分层持续至今。μ-XRF 数据的聚类分析表明，化学中最显着的变化发生在大约 10 年代末末次盛冰期 (LGM) 的开始附近。26,700 cal yr BP 与向干燥、多风气候的过渡有关。μ-XRF 数据中第二个最显着的变化是在人类定居的波利尼西亚阶段。612–575 cal yr BP (1338–1375 CE)。因此，我们可以展示多代理方法与 μ-XRF 元素数据相结合的效用和功能，以解释湖盆中不断变化的沉积物来源。这种方法允许以其他方法无法获得的分辨率对受气候事件和土地利用变化影响的流域过程进行快速和可靠的评估。μ-XRF 数据中第二个最显着的变化是在人类定居的波利尼西亚阶段。612–575 cal yr BP (1338–1375 CE)。因此，我们可以展示多代理方法与 μ-XRF 元素数据相结合的效用和功能，以解释湖盆中不断变化的沉积物来源。这种方法允许以其他方法无法获得的分辨率对受气候事件和土地利用变化影响的流域过程进行快速和可靠的评估。μ-XRF 数据中第二个最显着的变化是在人类定居的波利尼西亚阶段。612–575 cal yr BP (1338–1375 CE)。因此，我们可以展示多代理方法与 μ-XRF 元素数据相结合的效用和功能，以解释湖盆中不断变化的沉积物来源。这种方法允许以其他方法无法获得的分辨率对受气候事件和土地利用变化影响的流域过程进行快速和可靠的评估。