It is commonly known that a physical textured path can be followed by indirect touch through a probe also in absence of vision if sufficiently informative cues are delivered by the other sensory channels, but prior research indicates that the level of performance while following a virtual path on a touchscreen depends on the type and channel such cues belong to. The re-enactment of oriented forces, as they are induced by localized obstacles in probe-based exploration, may be important to equalize the performance between physical and virtual path following. Using a stylus attached to a force-feedback arm, an uneven path marked by virtual bars was traversed while time and positions were measured under normal sensory conditions, as well as in absence of vision or hearing. Alternatively, participants followed the same path on a wooden tablet provided with physical bars in relief (i.e., without receiving synthetic force) under the same conditions. The visual conditions were found to be significantly faster than the non-visual conditions. However, there was no significant advantage of traversing either path. In contrast to previous experiments in which the virtual bars were rendered using vibrotactile and/or auditory cues, comparable times to traverse the physical and virtual path were found also when vision was disabled. Our results hence suggest that users who are deprived of vision follow textured virtual paths as efficiently as physical paths, if unevenness is rendered using restorative force cues through a stylus.

众所周知，如果其他感官通道提供了足够的信息提示，则在没有视觉的情况下，也可以通过探针间接触摸物理纹理路径，但先前的研究表明，遵循虚拟路径时的性能水平触摸屏取决于此类提示所属的类型和通道。定向力的重新制定，因为它们是由基于探测的探索中的局部障碍引起的，对于平衡物理和虚拟路径跟踪之间的性能可能很重要。使用连接在力反馈臂上的触控笔，在正常感觉条件下以及在没有视觉或听觉的情况下测量时间和位置时，穿越由虚拟条标记的不平坦路径。或者，在相同的条件下，参与者在一个带有浮雕（即，没有接受合成力）的木制平板电脑上遵循相同的路径。发现视觉条件明显快于非视觉条件。然而，穿越任何一条路径都没有显着优势。与之前使用振动触觉和/或听觉提示渲染虚拟条的实验相比，在禁用视觉时也发现了穿越物理和虚拟路径的可比时间。因此，我们的结果表明，如果通过手写笔使用恢复力提示来呈现不均匀性，那么被剥夺视力的用户遵循纹理虚拟路径的效率与物理路径一样。发现视觉条件明显快于非视觉条件。然而，穿越任何一条路径都没有显着优势。与之前使用振动触觉和/或听觉提示渲染虚拟条的实验相比，在禁用视觉时也发现了穿越物理和虚拟路径的可比时间。因此，我们的结果表明，如果通过手写笔使用恢复力提示来呈现不均匀性，那么被剥夺视力的用户遵循纹理虚拟路径的效率与物理路径一样。发现视觉条件明显快于非视觉条件。然而，穿越任何一条路径都没有显着优势。与之前使用振动触觉和/或听觉提示渲染虚拟条的实验相比，在禁用视觉时也发现了穿越物理和虚拟路径的可比时间。因此，我们的结果表明，如果通过手写笔使用恢复力提示来呈现不均匀性，那么被剥夺视力的用户遵循纹理虚拟路径的效率与物理路径一样。当视力被禁用时，也发现了穿越物理和虚拟路径的可比时间。因此，我们的结果表明，如果通过手写笔使用恢复力提示来呈现不均匀性，那么被剥夺视力的用户遵循纹理虚拟路径的效率与物理路径一样。当视力被禁用时，也发现了穿越物理和虚拟路径的可比时间。因此，我们的结果表明，如果通过手写笔使用恢复力提示来呈现不均匀性，那么被剥夺视力的用户遵循纹理虚拟路径的效率与物理路径一样。