Protists are probably the most species-rich eukaryotes, yet their systematics are inaccurate, leading to an underestimation of their actual diversity. Arcellinida (= lobose testate amoebae) are amoebozoans that build a test (a hard shell) whose shape and composition are taxonomically informative. One of the most successful groups is Arcellidae, a family found worldwide in many freshwater and terrestrial environments where they are indicators of environmental quality. However, the systematics of the family is based on works published nearly a century ago. We re-evaluated the systematics based on single-cell barcoding, morphological and ecological data. Overall, test shape appears to be more related to environmental characteristics than to the species’ phylogenetic position. We show several convergences in organisms with similar ecology, some traditionally described species being paraphyletic. Based on conservative traits, we review the synapomorphies of the infraorder Sphaerothecina, compile a list of synonyms and describe a new genus Galeripora, with five new combinations. Seven new species: Arcella guadarramensis sp. nov., Galeripora balari sp. nov., Galeripora bufonipellita sp. nov., Galeripora galeriformis sp. nov., Galeripora naiadis sp. nov., Galeripora sitiens sp. nov. andGaleripora succelli sp. nov. are also described here.

中文翻译：

---

有遗嘱变形虫科弓形虫科（Amoebozoa：Arcellinida：Sphaerothecina）进化史上的多重趋同：当生态学支配形态时

原生生物可能是物种最丰富的真核生物，但它们的系统学并不准确，导致低估了它们的实际多样性。Arcellinida (= lobose testate amoebae) 是一种变形虫，它们构建了一个测试（硬壳），其形状和组成在分类学上具有丰富的信息。最成功的群体之一是 Arcellidae，这是一个在世界范围内发现于许多淡水和陆地环境中的科，它们是环境质量的指标。然而，家庭系统学是基于近一个世纪前发表的作品。我们根据单细胞条形码、形态学和生态学数据重新评估了系统学。总体而言，测试形状似乎与环境特征有关，而不是与物种的系统发育位置有关。我们展示了具有相似生态的生物体中的几种趋同，一些传统上描述的物种是并系的。基于保守性状，我们回顾了下目球藻的突触，编制了一个同义词列表并描述了一个新的 Galeripora 属，有五个新的组合。七个新种：Arcella guadarramensis sp。十一月， Galeripora balari sp。十一月，Galeripora bufonipellita sp。十一月，Galeripora galeriformis sp。十一月，Galeripora naiadis sp。十一月， Galeripora sitiens sp。十一月 和Galeripora succelli sp。十一月 这里也有描述。Galeripora galeriformis sp. 十一月，Galeripora naiadis sp。十一月， Galeripora sitiens sp。十一月 和Galeripora succelli sp。十一月 这里也有描述。Galeripora galeriformis sp. 十一月，Galeripora naiadis sp。十一月， Galeripora sitiens sp。十一月 和Galeripora succelli sp。十一月 这里也有描述。