Temperature influences the ecology and evolution of insects and their symbionts by impacting each partner independently and their interactions, considering the holobiont as a primary unit of selection. There are sound data about the responses of these partnerships to constant temperatures and sporadic thermal stress (mostly heat shock). However, the current understanding of the thermal ecology of insect–microbe holobionts remains patchy because the complex thermal fluctuations (at different spatial and temporal scales) experienced by these organisms in nature have often been overlooked experimentally. This may drastically constrain our ability to predict the fate of mutualistic interactions under climate change, which will alter both mean temperatures and thermal variability. Here, we tackle down these issues by focusing on the effects of temperature fluctuations on the evolutionary ecology of insect–microbe holobionts. We propose potentially worth-investigating research avenues to (i) evaluate the relevance of theoretical concepts used to predict the biological impacts of temperature fluctuations when applied to holobionts; (ii) acknowledge the plastic (behavioural thermoregulation, physiological acclimation) and genetic responses (evolution) expressed by holobionts in fluctuating thermal environments; and (iii) explore the potential impacts of previously unconsidered patterns of temperature fluctuations on the outcomes and the dynamic of these insect–microbe associations.

中文翻译：

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气候变化背景下昆虫-微生物全生物面临热波动的观点

温度通过独立影响每个伙伴及其相互作用来影响昆虫及其共生体的生态和进化，将全生物体视为主要的选择单位。有关于这些伙伴关系对恒定温度和零星热应激（主要是热冲击）的反应的可靠数据。然而，目前对昆虫-微生物全生物热生态学的理解仍然不完整，因为这些生物在自然界中经历的复杂的热波动（在不同的空间和时间尺度上）经常被实验忽视。这可能会极大地限制我们预测气候变化下互惠相互作用命运的能力，这将改变平均温度和热变率。这里，我们通过关注温度波动对昆虫-微生物全生物进化生态学的影响来解决这些问题。我们提出了可能值得研究的研究途径，以（i）评估用于预测温度波动对全息生物的生物学影响的理论概念的相关性；(ii) 承认全生物在波动的热环境中表现出的可塑性（行为体温调节、生理适应）和遗传反应（进化）；(iii) 探索以前未考虑的温度波动模式对这些昆虫-微生物关联的结果和动态的潜在影响。我们提出了可能值得研究的研究途径，以（i）评估用于预测温度波动对全息生物的生物学影响的理论概念的相关性；(ii) 承认全生物在波动的热环境中表现出的可塑性（行为体温调节、生理适应）和遗传反应（进化）；(iii) 探索以前未考虑的温度波动模式对这些昆虫-微生物关联的结果和动态的潜在影响。我们提出了可能值得研究的研究途径，以（i）评估用于预测温度波动对全息生物的生物学影响的理论概念的相关性；(ii) 承认全生物在波动的热环境中表现出的可塑性（行为体温调节、生理适应）和遗传反应（进化）；(iii) 探索以前未考虑的温度波动模式对这些昆虫-微生物关联的结果和动态的潜在影响。生理适应）和全生物在波动的热环境中表达的遗传反应（进化）；(iii) 探索以前未考虑的温度波动模式对这些昆虫-微生物关联的结果和动态的潜在影响。生理适应）和全生物在波动的热环境中表达的遗传反应（进化）；(iii) 探索以前未考虑的温度波动模式对这些昆虫-微生物关联的结果和动态的潜在影响。