The mid-nineteenth century was the formative period of doctrines that dominated international law debates in Latin America until well into the twentieth century. José María Torres Caicedo (1830–89) is one of the least-known international law scholars from those years. Torres Caicedo’s vast experience as a diplomat provided him with a sharp political instinct, which nurtured his academic work about international legal affairs. A look into his writings exposes the politics behind present-day principles, such as sovereign equality and non-intervention. It also reveals the stance of Latin American intellectuals with regard to the Eurocentric notion of the ‘civilized State’. In the field of the law of aliens, Torres was a major influence in the development of the Calvo Doctrine. His contributions to international law are all the more relevant, as historians place Torres as one of the first authors designating Central and South America as ‘Latin America’. This term was closely intertwined with Torres Caicedo’s views on foreign policy and international law.

中文翻译：

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何塞·玛丽亚·托雷斯·凯塞多与 19 世纪拉丁美洲的国际法政治

19 世纪中叶是主导拉丁美洲国际法辩论的学说形成时期，直至 20 世纪。何塞·玛丽亚·托雷斯·凯塞多 (José María Torres Caicedo) (1830–89) 是那些年里鲜为人知的国际法学者之一。托雷斯·凯塞多作为外交官的丰富经验为他提供了敏锐的政治直觉，这培养了他在国际法律事务方面的学术工作。看一看他的著作，就会发现当今原则背后的政治，例如主权平等和不干涉。它还揭示了拉丁美洲知识分子对“文明国家”的欧洲中心概念的立场。在外国人法领域，托雷斯对卡尔沃主义的发展产生了重大影响。他对国际法的贡献更加重要，作为历史学家，托雷斯是最早将中美洲和南美洲称为“拉丁美洲”的作者之一。这个词与托雷斯·凯塞多对外交政策和国际法的看法密切相关。