Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.

组织工程正在迅速走向临床应用。在肌肉骨骼领域，对骨骼和软骨置换的需求越来越大。尽管组织工程方法具有广阔的转化潜力，但仍应密切注意已开发结构的质量，以提高对患者的实际适用性。在对肌肉骨骼组织工程进行了一般性介绍之后，这篇叙述性综述旨在概述方法，从经典技术（如基因表达分析和组织学）到不太常见的方法（如拉曼光谱、微型计算机断层扫描和生物传感器），可用于评估构建体在生存能力、形态学或基质沉积方面的质量。特别强调可适用于不同部门的标准和良好做法 (GXP)。此外，建议根据植入前质量监测系统的可能进一步发展将方法分为破坏性、非侵入性或保守性。肌肉骨骼组织工程中的生物传感器尚未使用，但已被提议作为一种新技术，可以利用它具有许多优势，包括微创性，使其适用于植入前质量控制系统的开发。