Shilu Tong and colleagues describe the health consequences of extreme urban heat and the priorities for action and research to mitigate the harms Cities are a crucial concern in dealing with climate change because an increasing proportion of the global population lives in urban areas. The world’s urban population is expected to grow from 4.2 billion in 2018 to 6.7 billion by 2050, including a burgeoning ageing population.1 Meanwhile, because of human induced climate change, the frequency of extreme climate events is increasing worldwide.2 Climate change, urbanisation, and an ageing population create a “perfect storm” of risks to global health, particularly from urban heat. If we do nothing, current temperature extremes are projected to be exceeded across much of the Earth by 2100.3 The more extreme that heat events are, the greater the potential to push ecosystems and communities beyond their ability to cope.24 Whether we can achieve sustainable development depends on our actions now and over the next few years. As heat related health risks are particularly severe in cities, it is imperative to assess these risks and respond effectively. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are altering our climate system, and more frequent and intense heat related disasters such as heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires have already led to increased mortality and morbidity.245 For example, the number of excess deaths during the 2003 heatwave in Europe was estimated to be 70 000, including around 15 000 people in France alone.6 The 2018 Japan heatwaves resulted in over 20 000 hospital admissions related to heat stroke, mostly in people aged 65 years or older.7 Raised ozone levels due to higher temperatures and air pollutants from burning fossil fuels also increase cardiorespiratory mortality and morbidity, possibly by increasing cholesterol levels and systemic inflammation.89 …

中文翻译：

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城市高温：对全球健康的威胁日益严重

Shilu Tong 及其同事描述了极端城市高温对健康的影响，以及减轻危害的行动和研究的优先事项 城市是应对气候变化的关键问题，因为越来越多的全球人口居住在城市地区。世界城市人口预计将从 2018 年的 42 亿增长到 2050 年的 67 亿，其中包括迅速增长的老龄化人口。1 同时，由于人为引起的气候变化，全球极端气候事件的频率正在增加。2 气候变化、城市化以及人口老龄化对全球健康造成了一场“完美风暴”，尤其是来自城市高温的风险。如果我们什么都不做，预计到 2100.3 地球大部分地区将超过当前的极端温度。推动生态系统和社区超出其应对能力的潜力就越大。24 我们能否实现可持续发展取决于我们现在和未来几年的行动。由于城市中与高温相关的健康风险特别严重，因此必须评估这些风险并有效应对。人为排放的温室气体正在改变我们的气候系统，更频繁和更强烈的高温灾害，如热浪、干旱和野火，已经导致死亡率和发病率增加。 245 例如，2003 年热浪期间的超额死亡人数欧洲估计有 70,000 人，其中仅法国就有约 15,000 人。6 2018 年日本的热浪导致超过 20,000 人因中暑而入院，其中大部分是 65 岁或 65 岁以上的人。