Cumulative impact assessments of multiple host species loss from plant diseases show disproportionate reductions in associated biodiversity,Journal of Ecology

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Cumulative impact assessments of multiple host species loss from plant diseases show disproportionate reductions in associated biodiversity
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13798
Ruth J Mitchell ₁ , Paul E Bellamy ₂ , Alice Broome ₃ , Chris J Ellis ₄ , Richard L Hewison ₁ , Glen R Iason ₁ , Nick A Littlewood _{1,

5} , Scott Newey ₁ , Gabor Pozsgai _{1,

6} , Duncan Ray ₃ , Jenni A Stockan ₁ , Victoria Stokes ₃ , Andy FS Taylor _{1,

7}

Affiliation

Non-native plant pests and pathogens are increasing exponentially, causing extirpation of foundation species. The impact of large-scale declines in a single host on associated biodiversity is widely documented. However, the impact of multiple host loss on biodiversity and whether these impacts are multiplicative has not been assessed. Ecological theory suggests that systems with greater functional redundancy (alternative hosts) will be more resilient to the loss of sympatric hosts. We test this theory and show its importance in relation to pest/pathogen impact assessments.
We assessed the potential impact on biodiversity of the loss of two widely occurring sympatric European tree species, Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus petraea/robur, both of which are currently threatened by a range of pests and pathogens.
At the UK scale, the total number of associated species at risk of extirpation from plant diseases affecting these two sympatric hosts is greater than the sum of the associated species at risk from declines in either host alone. F. excelsior hosts 45 obligate species (species only found on that host) and Q. petraea/robur hosts 326. However, a decline in both these trees would impact 512 associated species, across multiple taxon groups, a 38% increase. Assessments at a local scale, 24 mixed F. excelsior–Q. petraea/robur woodlands revealed that these impacts may be even greater due to a lack of functional redundancy. Only 21% of sites were able to provide functional redundancy for F. excelsior and Q. petraea/robur associated species which can use other tree species. In most woodlands, the tree species required to provide functional redundancy were not present, although the site conditions were often suitable for them to grow.
Synthesis. Understanding of functional redundancy should be applied to assessments of pests/pathogens impact on biodiversity. In risk assessments, higher impact scores should be given to pests/pathogens affecting hosts occurring with other host plant species already impacted by pests/pathogens. Current pest/pathogen risk assessment approaches that ignore the cumulative, cascading effects shown in this study may allow an insidious, mostly overlooked, driver of biodiversity loss to continue.

中文翻译：

对植物病害造成的多种宿主物种丧失的累积影响评估显示相关生物多样性不成比例地减少

非本地植物害虫和病原体呈指数增长，导致基础物种灭绝。单一宿主的大规模下降对相关生物多样性的影响已被广泛记录。然而，尚未评估多宿主丧失对生物多样性的影响以及这些影响是否是相乘的。生态学理论表明，具有更大功能冗余的系统（替代宿主）将更能抵御同域宿主的损失。我们测试了这一理论，并展示了它在害虫/病原体影响评估方面的重要性。
我们评估了两种广泛存在的欧洲同域树种——白蜡树（Fraxinus excelsior ）和黄栎（ Quercus petraea/robur ）丧失对生物多样性的潜在影响，这两种树种目前都受到一系列害虫和病原体的威胁。
在英国范围内，有可能因影响这两种同域宿主的植物病害而灭绝的相关物种的总数大于仅因任一宿主而面临衰退风险的相关物种的总和。F. excelsior寄主 45 个专性物种（仅在该寄主上发现的物种）和Q. petraea/robur寄主 326 个。然而，这两种树的减少将影响 512 个相关物种，跨越多个分类群，增加 38%。当地规模的评估，24 混合F. excelsior-Q。petraea/robur林地显示，由于缺乏功能冗余，这些影响可能更大。只有 21% 的站点能够为F. excelsior和Q. petraea/robur提供功能冗余可以使用其他树种的相关树种。在大多数林地中，不存在提供功能冗余所需的树种，尽管场地条件通常适合它们生长。
合成。对功能冗余的理解应应用于评估害虫/病原体对生物多样性的影响。在风险评估中，应该对与已经受到害虫/病原体影响的其他寄主植物物种一起发生的影响寄主的害虫/病原体给予较高的影响评分。当前的害虫/病原体风险评估方法忽略了本研究中显示的累积、级联效应，可能会导致生物多样性丧失的阴险、大多被忽视的驱动因素继续存在。

更新日期：2021-10-22

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