Stomata, microscopic pores surrounded by two guard cells, play essential roles in the most important plant physiological processes: photosynthesis and transpiration. Unlike dicotyledons, grasses, including major gramineous crops, have distinctive dumbbell-shaped guard cells and specialized subsidiary cells, forming a more efficient stomatal complex. Stomata are capable of governing growth, development, and biomass production by means of regulating the transpiration and gas exchange process in a plant; that is, the main functions of stomata are to permit CO₂ entry and control H₂O movement and supply nutrients for biomass accumulation via photosynthesis. However, little is known about the roles of stomata in gramineous crops growth and biomass production. Stomatal conductance (gs) proves to be a vital aspect for high-yield potential in crops by influencing all the key traits of a crop's life cycle, particularly its biomass accumulation. Furthermore, transpiration enables stomata to stimulate biomass allocation in the phloem tissue, facilitating the translocation of assimilates and signals from the designated source to the sink, further endorsing floral transition and biomass allocation to the reproductive organs including the seed yield characteristic. This review focuses on stomatal function of gramineous crops, like rice, wheat, maize, barley, and so on. While stomata enforce majority of the essential processes in crops, their performance remains highly prone to the effects of unfavorable environmental conditions. Thus, manipulation of stomatal regulation is useful for the promotion of crop growth and biomass production.

气孔，即被两个保卫细胞包围的微孔，在最重要的植物生理过程中发挥着重要作用：光合作用和蒸腾作用。与双子叶植物不同，包括主要禾本科作物在内的禾本科植物具有独特的哑铃状保卫细胞和专门的辅助细胞，形成更有效的气孔复合体。气孔能够通过调节植物的蒸腾和气体交换过程来控制生长、发育和生物质生产；也就是说，气孔的主要功能是允许 CO ₂进入和控制 H ₂O 运动并通过光合作用为生物量积累提供养分。然而，关于气孔在禾本科作物生长和生物量生产中的作用知之甚少。通过影响作物生命周期的所有关键性状，特别是其生物量积累，气孔导度 (gs) 被证明是作物高产潜力的重要方面。此外，蒸腾作用使气孔能够刺激韧皮部组织中的生物量分配，促进同化物和信号从指定源到汇的易位，进一步支持花卉过渡和生物量分配到生殖器官，包括种子产量特征。本综述侧重于禾本科作物的气孔功能，如水稻、小麦、玉米、大麦等。虽然气孔在作物中执行大部分基本过程，但它们的性能仍然很容易受到不利环境条件的影响。因此，操纵气孔调节可用于促进作物生长和生物量生产。